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fall 2024 > soc exam 1 > Flashcards

soc exam 1 Flashcards

ch 1-4

1
Q

sociology

A

The systemic study of social and physical environments and their effects on our experience and behavior

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2
Q

Society

A

large grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

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3
Q

social imagination

A

the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the large society

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4
Q

who is considered the first modern socioligist

A

auguste comte

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5
Q

who coined the term sociology

A

August Comte

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6
Q

What was Harriet Martineau known for

A

translating comte’s work into English

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7
Q

who coined the term survival of the fittest

A

Herbert Spencer

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8
Q

who developed social darwinism

A

Herbert Spencer

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9
Q

Who is known as the father of funcitonalism

A

Emile Durkheim

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10
Q

Who is considered the father of the conflict theory of sociology

A

Karl Marx

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11
Q

what are the three theoretical approaches

A

functional, conflict, and interactionist perspective

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12
Q

functionalist perspective

A

framework for building theory that sees society as a stable, orderly system in which each part of the whole contributes to its survival

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13
Q

conflict approach

A

framework for building theory that sees society as an continuous power struggles among competing groups, with different interest that are often based on class, race, ethnicity or gender

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14
Q

symbolic-interaction approach

A

framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals in which people rely on shared symbols to make sense of their everyday social interactions

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15
Q

who is the father of symbolic interactionism

A

George Herbert Mead

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16
Q

what theoretical approach assumes that we are symbolic ever changing dynamic entities

A

symbolic-interaction approach

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17
Q

which theoretical approach deals with the following situation:
labor unios helping equalize power relations between workers and laborism

A

conflict approach

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18
Q

which theoretical approach deals with gender roles

A

functionalist

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19
Q

deductive science

A

the testing of preexisting theories

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20
Q

inductive science

A

creating new theories through observation

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21
Q

survey

A

a series of questions to which people respond

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22
Q

interview

A

survey where researcher personally ask questions

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23
Q

questionnaire

A

printed series of questions to which people respond

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24
Q

participant observation

A

collecting observations while part of the activities of the group being studied

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25
Q

ethnography

A

detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people over a period of years

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26
Q

experiment

A

research method for determining cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

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27
Q

hawthorne effect

A

unintentional influences the researchers have on what they are studying

28
Q

qualitative research

A

descriptive research, asking questions, words and themes

29
Q

quantitative research

A

research that deals with numbers and statistics

30
Q

reliability

A

the extent to which a study produces consistent results

31
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a study truly reflects the phenomenon under study

32
Q

culture

A

the knowledge, language, values, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society

33
Q

innovation

A

process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture

34
Q

example of innovation

A

planes

35
Q

cultural diffusion

A

culture can be transmitted from one group or society to another

36
Q

cultural lag

A

a period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions

37
Q

ethnocentricim

A

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

38
Q

cultural relativism

A

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

39
Q

high culture

A

culture patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

40
Q

popular culture

A

designates cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population

41
Q

subculture

A

cultural patterns that distinguish some segment of a society’s population. They involve not only difference but also hierarchy

42
Q

counterculture

A

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

43
Q

material culture

A

culture consisting of physical creations that members of a society make, use, and share

44
Q

technology

A

the knowledge that people apply to the task of living in their surroundings

45
Q

symbols

A

anything that meaningfully represents something else

46
Q

language

A

set of symbols that express ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another

47
Q

values

A

collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad

48
Q

Sapir-Whort Hypothesis

A

language shapes the view of reality of its speakers

49
Q

norms

A

established rules of behavior standards of conduct

50
Q

sanctions

A

punishment or reward for conduct associated with norms

51
Q

socialization

A

lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival

52
Q

know Genie

A

a young girl not exposed to society

53
Q

what are the four components of non-material culture

A

symbols, language, values, and norms

54
Q

gender socialization

A

aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society

55
Q

racial socialization

A

aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status

56
Q

rite of passage

A

event marking the transition from one phase of life to another

57
Q

Total institution

A

a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution

58
Q

purpose of total institutions

A

radically alter a person’s personality

59
Q

Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

60
Q

define Id

A

basic biology drives needs

61
Q

What did Kohlberg develop

A

the three stages of moral reasoning

62
Q

What are the stages of Moral Reasoning

A

Preconventional level
Conventional level
Postconventional level

63
Q

Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg’s stages because he only used _____ subjects

A

male

64
Q

Gilligan’s first stage of female moral development states what

A

a women is motivated primarily by selfish concerns

65
Q

who came up with the four stages of cognitive development

A

Jean Piaget

66
Q

what is the first stage of Cognitive Development

A

the sensorimotor stage

67
Q

Who separated the “I” and the “Me”

A

George Mead

fall 2024 (9 decks)

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