soc exam 1

Question 1

sociology

Answer 1

The systemic study of social and physical environments and their effects on our experience and behavior

Question 2

Society

Answer 2

large grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

Question 3

social imagination

Answer 3

the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the large society

Question 4

who is considered the first modern socioligist

Answer 4

auguste comte

Question 5

who coined the term sociology

Answer 5

August Comte

Question 6

What was Harriet Martineau known for

Answer 6

translating comte’s work into English

Question 7

who coined the term survival of the fittest

Answer 7

Herbert Spencer

Question 8

who developed social darwinism

Answer 8

Herbert Spencer

Question 9

Who is known as the father of funcitonalism

Answer 9

Emile Durkheim

Question 10

Who is considered the father of the conflict theory of sociology

Answer 10

Karl Marx

Question 11

what are the three theoretical approaches

Answer 11

functional, conflict, and interactionist perspective

Question 12

functionalist perspective

Answer 12

framework for building theory that sees society as a stable, orderly system in which each part of the whole contributes to its survival

Question 13

conflict approach

Answer 13

framework for building theory that sees society as an continuous power struggles among competing groups, with different interest that are often based on class, race, ethnicity or gender

Question 14

symbolic-interaction approach

Answer 14

framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals in which people rely on shared symbols to make sense of their everyday social interactions

Question 15

who is the father of symbolic interactionism

Answer 15

George Herbert Mead

Question 16

what theoretical approach assumes that we are symbolic ever changing dynamic entities

Answer 16

symbolic-interaction approach

Question 17

which theoretical approach deals with the following situation:
labor unios helping equalize power relations between workers and laborism

Answer 17

conflict approach

Question 18

which theoretical approach deals with gender roles

Answer 18

functionalist

Question 19

deductive science

Answer 19

the testing of preexisting theories

Question 20

inductive science

Answer 20

creating new theories through observation

Question 21

survey

Answer 21

a series of questions to which people respond

Question 22

interview

Answer 22

survey where researcher personally ask questions

Question 23

questionnaire

Answer 23

printed series of questions to which people respond

Question 24

participant observation

Answer 24

collecting observations while part of the activities of the group being studied

Question 25

ethnography

Answer 25

detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people over a period of years

Question 26

experiment

Answer 26

research method for determining cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

Question 27

hawthorne effect

Answer 27

unintentional influences the researchers have on what they are studying

Question 28

qualitative research

Answer 28

descriptive research, asking questions, words and themes

Question 29

quantitative research

Answer 29

research that deals with numbers and statistics

Question 30

reliability

Answer 30

the extent to which a study produces consistent results

Question 31

validity

Answer 31

the degree to which a study truly reflects the phenomenon under study

Question 32

culture

Answer 32

the knowledge, language, values, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society

Question 33

innovation

Answer 33

process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture

Question 34

example of innovation

Answer 34

planes

Question 35

cultural diffusion

Answer 35

culture can be transmitted from one group or society to another

Question 36

cultural lag

Answer 36

a period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new material conditions

Question 37

ethnocentricim

Answer 37

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

Question 38

cultural relativism

Answer 38

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

Question 39

high culture

Answer 39

culture patterns that distinguish a society's elite

Question 40

popular culture

Answer 40

designates cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population

Question 41

subculture

Answer 41

cultural patterns that distinguish some segment of a society's population. They involve not only difference but also hierarchy

Question 42

counterculture

Answer 42

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

Question 43

material culture

Answer 43

culture consisting of physical creations that members of a society make, use, and share

Question 44

technology

Answer 44

the knowledge that people apply to the task of living in their surroundings

Question 45

symbols

Answer 45

anything that meaningfully represents something else

Question 46

language

Answer 46

set of symbols that express ideas and enables people to think and communicate with one another

Question 47

values

Answer 47

collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad

Question 48

Sapir-Whort Hypothesis

Answer 48

language shapes the view of reality of its speakers

Question 49

norms

Answer 49

established rules of behavior standards of conduct

Question 50

sanctions

Answer 50

punishment or reward for conduct associated with norms

Question 51

socialization

Answer 51

lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival

Question 52

know Genie

Answer 52

a young girl not exposed to society

Question 53

what are the four components of non-material culture

Answer 53

symbols, language, values, and norms

Question 54

gender socialization

Answer 54

aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society

Question 55

racial socialization

Answer 55

aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of one's racial or ethnic status

Question 56

rite of passage

Answer 56

event marking the transition from one phase of life to another

Question 57

Total institution

Answer 57

a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution

Question 58

purpose of total institutions

Answer 58

radically alter a person's personality

Question 59

Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis

Answer 59

Sigmund Freud

Question 60

define Id

Answer 60

basic biology drives needs

Question 61

What did Kohlberg develop

Answer 61

the three stages of moral reasoning

Question 62

What are the stages of Moral Reasoning

Answer 62

Preconventional level Conventional level Postconventional level

Question 63

Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg's stages because he only used _____ subjects

Answer 63

male

Question 64

Gilligan's first stage of female moral development states what

Answer 64

a women is motivated primarily by selfish concerns

Question 65

who came up with the four stages of cognitive development

Answer 65

Jean Piaget

Question 66

what is the first stage of Cognitive Development

Answer 66

the sensorimotor stage

Question 67

Who separated the "I" and the "Me"

Answer 67

George Mead