Snyder, Hemmeter, & McLaughlin 2011 PD in EC

Question 1

What are the theoretical roots of ECI PD practices

Answer 1

1. foundational applied behavior analytical prin ciples related to learning and teaching (Catania, 2006; Greer, 2002)
2. adult learning theory (knowles, 1980, 1990)
3. models for improving staff performance through training and performance feedback (Crow & Snyder, 1998; Snyder & Wolfe, 2008)
4. Models and practices used in elementary and secondary education PD

Question 2

what are the stages to situate historical review of ECI PD

Answer 2

1. forming
2. storming
3. norming
4. performing (Tuckman, 1965)
   now systematic attention should be focused on norming and performing

Question 3

Stage of Forming

Answer 3

1. 1986-1999 EC and EC programs under PL 99-457
2. addressed 2 major issues: specifying standards for ECI personnel and developing a “comprehensive” system that would support personnel to achieve the standards
3. use the terms “personnel preparation” or “personnel development”

Question 4

Stage of Storming

Answer 4

beginning in approximately 1991
a bold premise that EI personnel preparation needed to be performed, and important issues of defining and evaluating quality personnel preparation were raised.
personnel preparation was defined loosely and broadly
individual and system change should be aligned with the adult learning theory and general education theories.

Question 5

influential meta-analysis in EC PD during the stage of storming

Answer 5

showers, joyce, and Bennett, 1987; Wade, 1984/1985
helped identify components of staff-development: 1. clear objectives; 2. presentation of theory or information about skills to be acquired or masterd; 3. demonstration and modeling of skills; 4. feedback about implementation of skills in practice contexts; 5. follow-up coaching to support implementation and adaptions to implementation in practice contexts

Question 6

Stage of Norming

Answer 6

initial set of practices were specified and they were informed by principles, maxims, and norms.
Recommended ECI personnel preparation practices were released (“professional development” was referred in NCLB-comprehensive, sustained, intensive)