Snickers

Question 1

What is the voltage during depolarization and hyperpolarization?

Answer 1

+40mV / -90mV

Question 2

Which of these are inhibitory/excitatory and ionotropic/metabotropic
D1 / GABA / Nictoinic / Opioid

Answer 2

Ionotropic: GABA & Nicotinic
Metabotropic: D1 & Opioid
Inhibitory: GABA & Opioid
Excitatory: D1 & Nicotinic

Question 3

What is the function of GABA?

Answer 3

Major inhibitory NT in CNS (Cl- influx & hyperpolarization)

Question 4

What is the major NT in the parasympathetic NS?

Answer 4

Ach

Question 5

What are the cholinergic receptors?

Answer 5

Nicotinic and muscarinic (Ach) receptors

Question 6

What are biogenic amine NTs?

Answer 6

Catecholamines: Norepinephrine/Epinephrine/Dopamine
Non-catecholamines: Serotonin

Question 7

What are some amino acids NTs?

Answer 7

Glutamate: most abundant excitatory NT in brain
Glycine: most abundant inhibitory NT in spinal cord
GABA (glutamate metabolite): most abundant inhibitory NT in brain

Question 8

What is an example of a peptide NT?

Answer 8

Endorphins (endogenous analgesic opioid)

Question 9

What are the main NTs in sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?

Answer 9

SNS: NE
PSNS: Ach

Question 10

Where are nicotnic receptors found in?

Answer 10

Brain / NMJ (SKM) / ANS ganglia

Question 11

Where are muscarinic receptors found in?

Answer 11

They are targets for Ach released from post-ganglionic parasympathetic

Question 12

What is the life cycle of catecholamines?

Answer 12

• Tyrosine (by tyrosine hydroxylase) to L-Dopa
• L-Dopa (by Dopa decarboxylase) to dopamine
• Dopamine stored in vesicles by VMAT
• Sometimes dopamine (by dopamine β hydroxylase) to NE (inside the vesicles)

Question 13

What receptors do EP and NE bind to?

Answer 13

EP binds to all (α1/2 and β1/2/3 and D1/2)
NE binds to α1/2 and β1 only

Question 14

How are catecholamines deactivated?

Answer 14

By MAO (monoamine oxidase) or COMT (catechol-O methyl-transferase) or most commonly by reuptake into presynaptic membrane

Question 15

Which drugs are taken from pufferfish?

Answer 15

Local anesthetics and tetrodotoxin (TTX)

Question 16

How do general anesthetics affect CNS?

Answer 16

Inhibit voltage gated ion channels (inhibit AP presynaptically)

Question 17

What are some drugs that target and inhibit NT synthesis?

Answer 17

Tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase inhibitors

Question 18

What are some drugs that target and interfere with storage of NTs?

Answer 18

Reserpine: inhibit VMAT (treats HTN previously)
Vesamicol: inhibit Ach uptake

Question 19

What drugs trigger the release of NTs?

Answer 19

Amphetamine: increases catecholamine release (used for ADHD)
Botox (Botulinum toxin): prevents Ach release by blocking its release (exocytosis) and treats wrinkles

Question 20

What is the function of full/partial/inverse/biased agonists?

Answer 20

• Full: increase receptor activity baseline to max
• Partial: increase receptor activity baseline partially
• Inverse: decrease receptor activity baseline
• Biased: preferentially activate 2nd messenger pathways and deactivates other pathways (eg. beta arrestin)

Question 21

How do antagonists affect the receptor activity baseline?

Answer 21

Doesn’t affect it (also called neutral antagonist)

Question 22

What is the effect of allosteric modulators?

Answer 22

Positive allosteric: enhance receptor activity with bound ligand
Negative allosteric: reduce receptor activity with bound ligand

Question 23

What is the effect of caffeine on postsynaptic cell?

Answer 23

Inhibits degradation of cAMP

Question 24

What is the effect of cocaine on CNS?

Answer 24

It prevents the reuptake of catecholamines (blocks SERT/NET/DAT) and increases their conc. and effect

Question 25

What is the effect of antidepressant drugs?

Answer 25

Inhibits reuptake of serotonin