Snickers Flashcards
What is the voltage during depolarization and hyperpolarization?
+40mV / -90mV
Which of these are inhibitory/excitatory and ionotropic/metabotropic
D1 / GABA / Nictoinic / Opioid
Ionotropic: GABA & Nicotinic
Metabotropic: D1 & Opioid
Inhibitory: GABA & Opioid
Excitatory: D1 & Nicotinic
What is the function of GABA?
Major inhibitory NT in CNS (Cl- influx & hyperpolarization)
What is the major NT in the parasympathetic NS?
Ach
What are the cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and muscarinic (Ach) receptors
What are biogenic amine NTs?
Catecholamines: Norepinephrine/Epinephrine/Dopamine
Non-catecholamines: Serotonin
What are some amino acids NTs?
Glutamate: most abundant excitatory NT in brain
Glycine: most abundant inhibitory NT in spinal cord
GABA (glutamate metabolite): most abundant inhibitory NT in brain
What is an example of a peptide NT?
Endorphins (endogenous analgesic opioid)
What are the main NTs in sympathetic and parasympathetic NS?
SNS: NE
PSNS: Ach
Where are nicotnic receptors found in?
Brain / NMJ (SKM) / ANS ganglia
Where are muscarinic receptors found in?
They are targets for Ach released from post-ganglionic parasympathetic
What is the life cycle of catecholamines?
- Tyrosine (by tyrosine hydroxylase) to L-Dopa
- L-Dopa (by Dopa decarboxylase) to dopamine
- Dopamine stored in vesicles by VMAT
- Sometimes dopamine (by dopamine β hydroxylase) to NE (inside the vesicles)
What receptors do EP and NE bind to?
EP binds to all (α1/2 and β1/2/3 and D1/2)
NE binds to α1/2 and β1 only
How are catecholamines deactivated?
By MAO (monoamine oxidase) or COMT (catechol-O methyl-transferase) or most commonly by reuptake into presynaptic membrane
Which drugs are taken from pufferfish?
Local anesthetics and tetrodotoxin (TTX)
How do general anesthetics affect CNS?
Inhibit voltage gated ion channels (inhibit AP presynaptically)
What are some drugs that target and inhibit NT synthesis?
Tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase inhibitors
What are some drugs that target and interfere with storage of NTs?
Reserpine: inhibit VMAT (treats HTN previously)
Vesamicol: inhibit Ach uptake
What drugs trigger the release of NTs?
Amphetamine: increases catecholamine release (used for ADHD)
Botox (Botulinum toxin): prevents Ach release by blocking its release (exocytosis) and treats wrinkles
What is the function of full/partial/inverse/biased agonists?
- Full: increase receptor activity baseline to max
- Partial: increase receptor activity baseline partially
- Inverse: decrease receptor activity baseline
- Biased: preferentially activate 2nd messenger pathways and deactivates other pathways (eg. beta arrestin)
How do antagonists affect the receptor activity baseline?
Doesn’t affect it (also called neutral antagonist)
What is the effect of allosteric modulators?
Positive allosteric: enhance receptor activity with bound ligand
Negative allosteric: reduce receptor activity with bound ligand
What is the effect of caffeine on postsynaptic cell?
Inhibits degradation of cAMP
What is the effect of cocaine on CNS?
It prevents the reuptake of catecholamines (blocks SERT/NET/DAT) and increases their conc. and effect
What is the effect of antidepressant drugs?
Inhibits reuptake of serotonin
