smoking Flashcards
effects of smoking can have on lung cancer
inhibits and damages the normal cleaning process by which the lungs remove foreign and harmful particles
smoke destroys important cleansing layer in the lungs which causes build up of mucus (smokers cough)
harmful cancer-producing particles in cigarette smoke can remain lodged in mucus and start carcinogenesis
carcinogenesis
development of cancer by action of chemical/physical/biological/other factor on a cell that is primarily normal
carcinogen
any agent capable of causing cancer
What things is benzopyrene common in?
soot
tars
car exhausts
burnt food
How is benzypyrene formed?
from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
Is benzopyrene a carcinogen on its own?
no
has to undergo reactions to become carcinogenic
What is produced when benzopyrene undergoes CYP oxidation/hydrolysis?
epoxides
DNA can interact with these
Is N-nitrosodimethyl amine a carcinogen?
NO
undergoes metabolic change to get carcinogenic agent
What is the carcinogenic agent produced from N-nitrosodimethyl amine?
methyl diazonium ion
- interacts with DNA
How is N-nitrosodimethyl amine activated?
cytochromal activation
What does the methyl diazonium ion from N-nitrosodimethyl amine react with in DNA?
N7 of guaninie (major adduct, easily repaired)
O6 of guanine (minor adduct, not easily repaired)
-> produces adducts
Does acrolein need to be metabolised to interact with DNA?
NO
it reacts directly with guanine residues of DNA without being activated to produce DNA adducts
What drug produce acrolein as a byproduct?
cyclophosphamide
ifosamide
What can acrolein casue when produced as byproduct by cyclophosphamide and ifosamide?
haemorrhagic cystitis
How does acrolein cause haemorrhagic cystitis?
its thiol proteins interact with cysteine residues
