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PHAM02 > hallmarks of cancer > Flashcards

hallmarks of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle controlled by?

A

mitogens

growth factors

survival factors

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2
Q

What are mitogens?

A

stimulate cell division (in the cell cycle)

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3
Q

What are growth factors?

A

stimulate cell growth (cell mass)

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4
Q

What are survival factors?

A

suppress apoptosis

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5
Q

Proliferation

A

increase in cell number

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6
Q

3 major components of the cell cycle?

A

M phase - mitosis

interphase

checkpoints

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7
Q

M phase

A

mitosis

cell division

each daughter cell receives a complement of genetic material and organelles identical to that of the parent cell

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8
Q

interphase

A

the part of the cell cycle where cells grow and replicate their DNA

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9
Q

checkpoints

A

detect damage to the DNA due to external agents or problems that arise during DNA replication and trigger the DNA damage response

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10
Q

function of the cell cycle

A

duplicate DNA/chromosomes

segregate copies into 2 identical daughter cells

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11
Q

phases of cell cycle in order

A

G1 - S - G2 - M

G1 - gap in growth
S - synthesis
M - mitosis
interphase = G1-S-G2

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12
Q

G1 phase of the cell cycle

A

longest phase

first gap phase

gap between mitosis and S phase

cells half size after mitosis/division

cells adapt and grow during G1

cells CANNOT undergo further division

if cells have poor nutrition/receive an anti-proliferative signal they will enter G1 phase

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13
Q

G0 phase of cell cycle

A

cells that no longer need to divide and grow become specialised cells

these enter G0 phase - ‘‘cell cycle arrest’’

cell still active - producing proteins, enzymes, motile, secrete

usually permanent but can be reversed

can re-enter cycle if genes reactivated

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14
Q

cell types that cannot leave G0

A

skeletal

neuronal

liver - but if damaged can reverse this and regenerate

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15
Q

Do cells in G0 express cell cycle regulators like CDKs and cyclins?

A

NO

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16
Q

What controls G1 phase entry?

A

mitogens

they release CDKs

17
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication before cell division

46 chromosomes are duplicated

daughter cells have ID DNA

must be very accurate

18
Q

G2 phase

A

checkpoint

enzymes are activated

trigger point for mitosis

DNA integrity is checked during G2

if faulty DNA is detected the cell cycle prevents it from continuing

19
Q

M phase

A

cell division

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

20
Q

What ensures DNA is correct during the cell cycle?

A

DNA checkpoints

21
Q

What happens if DNA is damaged?

A

it leads to cell cycle arrest and activtaes a DNA damage response

DNA is repaired before the cell cycle continues

or apoptosis can occur

if DNA damage isn’t repaired mutations can occur leading to faulty cell cycle and cancer can develop

22
Q

protein that is essential for cell cycle progression between G1-S and G2-M in yeast?

A

cdc2

-> cell division cycle 2

23
Q

What do cyclins bind to?

A

CDKs

-> cyclin dependent kinases

24
Q

kinase?

A

enzyme that phosphorylates targets to casue a response

25
Q

What regulate CDKs?

A

cyclins

26
Q

What does the cyclin-CDK complex do?

A

phosphorylates a set of substrates/targets

targets change during the cell cycle

27
Q

What do CKIs do?

A

CKIs bind to cyclin and CDK and distort the active site of the CDK

they insert into the ATP binding site and inhibit CDK enzymatic activity

28
Q

What are the 2 families of CKIs?

A
  1. CDK inhibitory protein/kinase inhibitor protein (Cip/Kip)
  2. INK4 proteins (inhibitors of CDK4)
29
Q

examples of cip/kip

A

p21
p27
p57

30
Q

examples of INK4 proteins

A

p16
p15
p18
p19

31
Q

What do CIP/KIP inhibit?

A

inhibit CKD1 and 2 complexes

32
Q

What do INK4 proteins inhibit?

A

inhibit CDK4/6 directly

33
Q

What are CKIs specific to?

A

tissue specific

PHAM02 (32 decks)

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