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Neonatalogy > Smithch20.manifestationsandmanagementofDiseaseinNeonatalRuminants > Flashcards

Smithch20.manifestationsandmanagementofDiseaseinNeonatalRuminants Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of bacterial/fungal infections in CATTLE that can cause placentitis and disease in newborn

A 
Brucellosis
Salmonellosis
Leptospirosis
Listeriosis
Escherichia coli
Corynebacterium spp
Aspergillus spp
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2
Q

Examples of bacterial/fungal infections in SHEEP that can cause placentitis and disease in newborn

A 
Chlamydia
Campylobacter
Coxiella
Bluetongue virus
Border disease
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3
Q

Examples of viral infections that cause disease in ruminant newborns

A 
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (B)
Blue tongue virus (B,O)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (B)
Akabane virus (B)
Parainlfuenza (B)
Caprine herpes (C)
Border disease virius (O)
Equine herpesvirus (E)
Equine viral arteritis (E)

B, Bovine; C, caprine; O, ovine

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4
Q

Differential diagnosis for weakness and depressed mentation after a period of apparently normal strength and mentation include:

A

Sepsis
Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances
Hypoglycemia
Hypothermia

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5
Q

What are common cause of calf mortality in the the united states

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Respiraotry disease
  3. Neonatal septicemia
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6
Q

What are common bacteria isolated from septic calves?

A

**Gram negative species

E. Coli
Klebsiella spp
Salmonella spp
Campylobacter spp
Staphylococcus spp
Streptococcus spp.
Other gram pos, other gram neg and aerobic bact
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7
Q

Sources of infection for septicemia in calves

A

Colonization of GIT with virulent bacteria

Infected umbilicus

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8
Q

Neonatal septicemia— primary goals of treatment are:

A
  1. Control infection
  2. Modulate the inflammatory response
  3. Support the animal during disease
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9
Q

Causes of birth asphyxia in ruminants

A 
Placentitis
Dystocia
Caesarean section
Premature placental separation
Induced parturition
Birth trauma
Brachia plexus inuries
Fractured rib, pneumothorax, hemothorax
Ruptured bladder
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10
Q

Differential diagnosis for the weak/depressed large animal neonate congenital malformations:

A

Cardiac malfnormations
Central nervous system malformations (ie. Hydrocephalus, hdranecephaly)
Angular limb deformities
Arthrogryposis

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11
Q

Appropriate antimicrobial choices for septic neonates

A

3rd or 4th generation cephalosporins: 5- 10 mg/kg/day IM or IV higher than labeled dose 2.2 mg/kg
Sodium ampicillin: 10-20 mg/kg TID IV
Florfenicol: 20 mg/kg IV BID

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12
Q

What are common agents that cause meningitis?

A

E. Coli
Enterobacter spp
Salmonella spp

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13
Q

CSF analysis in menginitis

A

Pleocytosis
Xanthocrhomia
High protein concentration

Specific gravity: 1011
Total protein: 3.2 g/L
Wbc: 40004-2400 cells/microL
Percent lymphs: range 1-17%
Percen tneuts: 73%, 78-100%
Culture positive: 6/9, 11/19 cases
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14
Q

Normal CSF in calves

A 
Specific gravity <1007
Total protein <0.4 g/L
WBC <10 cells/microL
Percent lymphs >80-90%
Percent neuts: <10-15%
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15
Q

What is the ratio of CSF to plasma glucose concentration?

A

< 1

**d/t bacteria metabolism of glucose in CSF

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16
Q

Antibiotic penetration to the CSF is through which mechanisms

A

Passive diffusion down a concentration gradient

**lipid solubility— major determinants

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17
Q

Metabolic acidosis in neonatal ruminants is primarily associated with

A

INC concentration of D-lactate

—> d/t bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in the GI tract of milk-fed calves

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18
Q

What are the consequences of hyponatremia:

A

Fluid shift from extracellular space to the intracellular compartment along the osmotic gradient—> swelling of cells

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19
Q

Clinical signs associated with hyponatremia

A

Neurologic disturbances
Depression
Disorientation
Convulsions

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20
Q

Value for hyponatremia in calves

A

<132 mmol/L

Severe: <120 mmol/L

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21
Q

What is the calculation to raise sodium to level to 125 mmol/L in first 6 hours

A

MEq sodium = (125- measured mEq serum sodium) x (0.6 x body weight in kg)

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22
Q

Hypernatremia in calves is usually caused by:

A

Ingesting milk repalcers high in sodium w/o access to fresh water
Or calves treated for diarrhea & receive oral electrolyte solutions

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23
Q

Pathophys of neurologic signs with hypernatremia

A

Brain adaptation to hyperosmolar state: shrinkage of neurons, = dehydration of neurons & brain shrinkage—>disruption of blood when brain moves away from calvaria

—> neuro signs worsen with treatment—> cerebrlal edema

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24
Q

Definition of hypernatremia

A

Sodium> 160 mEq/L or greater

**Serum sodium concentrations > 180. MEq/L indicate guarded to poor prognosis

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25
Q

What is the best sample to measure postmortem in calves to determine hypernatremia?

A

Ocular fluid

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26
Q

Clinical signs of hypernatremia

A

Early C/S: lethargy, depression

Advanced C/S: twitching of facial muscles, muscle rigidity, tremors, myoclconus
—> seizure and/or coma activity near death

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27
Q

What is the calculation for total body free water deficit for correcting hypernatremia:

A

0.6 x bodywt (kg) x [(current serum sodium concent./ normal serum sodium concen]-1)

**Administer fluids supplemented with sodium approximately equal to that of the calf

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28
Q

Differentials for weakness associated with micronutrient deficiencies that result from myodegeneration:

A

White muscle disease
Selenium
Vitamin E

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29
Q

Differentials for weakness with micronutrient deficiences results from demyleination:

A

Copper

Enzootic ataxia

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30
Q

Bacteria commonly isolated from vertebral body abscesses:

A

Trueperella pyogenes

—> suggesting chronic respiratory infection

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31
Q

Causes of paraplegia and tetraplegia

A

Spinal cord compression: vertebral body malformations, osteomyelitis or fractures

32
Q

Ddx for paresis in goat kids

A

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV)

Enzootic ataxia

33
Q

What are the 2 forms of enzootic ataxia (swayback)

A
  1. Neonatal — affected at birth

2. Delayed type— signs of incoordination at 14-30 days

34
Q

What is the cause of enzootic ataxia (lambs/kids)

A

Low liver copper concentrations

35
Q

Goat kids with neurologic form of CAEV have what C/S:

A

Mild to mod fevers

Cerebral signs: depression, head tilt, torticollis, circling

36
Q

Causes of respiratory distress in neonatal ruminants: upper airway conditions:

A 
Pharyngeal trauma
Necrotic laryngitis
Choanal atresia (nasopharyngeal atresia)
Laryngeal edema
Tracheal malformation: stenosis, collapse
37
Q

Causes of respiratory distress in neonatal ruminants: lung parenchymal diseases

A 
Pneumonia (bacterial or viral)
Atelectasis
Hyaline membrane disease
Pulmonary edema, congestion
Aspiration syndromes
Air leaks (eg., pneumothorax)
Pulmonary hemorrhage
Transient tachypnea syndromes
38
Q

Causes of respiratory distress in neonatal ruminants: non pulmonary causes

A 
Congestive heart failure
Central nervous system lesions
Metabolic derangements (eg., acidosis, hypoglycemia)
Severe anemia
Hypovolemia
Fractured ribs
Nutritional myodegeneration of thoracic muscles or diaphgram
Persistent pulmonary hypertension
Birth asphyxia
Pan, abdominal crisis
Fever, high environmental tempreatures
Excitement
Pleural effusion (e.g., pleuritis)
Endotoxemia and gram-negative sepsis
39
Q

Cyanosis is not observable until when:

A

Partial pressure of oxygen reaches <35 to 40 mmHg

40
Q

Abnormal head position in neonates ddx:

A 
Respiratory difficulty (upper airway obstruction)
Meningoencephalitis
Otitis media
Hypernatremia
Polioencephalomalacia
Congenital defects of the CNS
Lasalocid toxicity
41
Q

Cause of necrotic laryngitis

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum

42
Q

Causes of pneumonia in calves less than 5 days of age

A 
Neonatal septicemia (hematogenous in origin)
Aspiration pneumonia (inhallation of fetal fluid, neconium, collostrum or milk, recumebncy, large holes in teat nipples, poor esophagela tubing)
Pharyngeal dysfunction (whit emuscle disease)
43
Q

Common pathogens of calf pneumonia

A 
Mannheimia haemolytica
Pasteurella multocida
Mycoplasma bovis
Mycoplasma dispar
Salmonella dublin— fulminating pneumonia in 1-8 month old calves
44
Q

Examples of respiratory viruses that predispose neonates to bacterial pneumonia

A

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
Bovine coronavirus (BCV)
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

45
Q

Risk factors for development of pneumonia in neonatal ruminants:

A

Failure of passive transfer
Poor nutrition
Additional environmental factors: extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, dust, ammonia, overcrowding

46
Q

Antibiotics against mycoplasma spp

A 
Tylosin
Tetracyclines
Erythromycin
Tilmicosin
Tulathromycin
Gamithromycin
Florfenicol
Aminoglycosides
Fluoroquinolones
—> NOT susceptible to antibiotics that interfere with synthesis of folic acid or act on cell well
47
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of apnea:

A
  1. Central apnea— resulting from cessation of diaphragmatic activity
  2. Obstructive apnea— resulting from obstruction of airway (usu at pharyngeal level)
48
Q

Causes of abdominal distention in calves:

A

—Obstruction: foreign body (hairballs in calves), malformation (atresisa coli, recti, ani), volvulus, torsion, strangulation
—Uroperitoneum: ruptured bladder (uncommon), torn or necrotic urachus, ureter
—Peritonitis: generalized infection, devitalized bowel, perforated gastric or intestinal ulcer, severe umbilical infection
—Gas and fluid accumulation in abomasum/intestinal tract: intolerance to diet, ileus, gastric ulceration, necrotizing enterocolitis, ruminal bloat
—Misc: hemoperitoneum, ruptured umbilical vessels, ruptures spleen or liver, congenital tumor
— ascites: severe liver or renal failure, severe hypoproteinemia

49
Q

The closure reflex of esophageal groove in calves is maintained by what?

A

Suckling activity of the calf

50
Q

Reasons for lack of esophageal groove closure:

A 
Drinking out of buckets
Variable milk tempreatures
Stress
Calves fed too low to the ground
Milk flow rates are too high
51
Q

What is the consequence of failure of esophageal groove closure:

A

Leads to rumen drinking— prolonged retention of milk in rumen results in anaerobic bacterial fermentation & production of lactic acid—> ruminal and systemic (METABOLIC) acidosis

52
Q

Ruminal drinker syndrome can be prevented by:

A

Decreasing the volume of milk fed per feeding
Feeding from nipples rather than buckets
Introducing calf starter to promote ruminal development

53
Q

What is a possible complication of severe bronchopneumonia in calves and why?

A

Bloat—> swollen mediastinal lymph nodes compressing the esophagus or compression or inflammation of the vagus

54
Q

4 categories of ulcers described in calves

A

T1: nonperformating ulcer
T2: nonperforating ulcer with severe blood loss— see evere intraluminal hemorrahge
T3: perforating ulcer with local peritonitis
T4: perforating ulcers with diffuse peritonitis

55
Q

Abomasal displacement is rare in calves but can be reported in calves with pneumonia (left sided displacment)

A

Pneumonia d/t altered vagal function is suggested (usu 6 to 14 wks of age)

56
Q

What is the most common cause of abdominal distention of calves in the first week of life?

A

Intestinal atresia

57
Q

Where is the most common site of intestinal atresia in calves?

A

Spiral loop of the ascending colon

58
Q

Clinical signs of intussusception

A

Intermittent colic
Absence of feces
Melena
**signs are incosistant

59
Q

Most common pathogens isolated from septic joints of neonatal calves are from:

A 
Enteric organisms:
-E. Coli
Salmonella
Streptococcus spp
Staphylococcus spp
T. Pyogenes (most freq from older calves)
60
Q

Bacteria most commonly isolated from septic joints in lambs:

A 
Streptococcus spp
Colifroms
Arcabobacterium pyogenes
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
F. Necrophorum
61
Q

Radiographic features of septic arthritis

A

Soft tissue swelling
Widening or collapse of the joitn space
Osteoporosis
Osteosclerosis

62
Q

Clinical signs of femoral nerve paralysis

A

Inability to extend the stifle or advance the limb
Analgesia of the medial aspect of the limb down to the tarsus
**atrophy of the quadriceps is evident after 7-10 days if complete tear

63
Q

The umbilical vein regresses into

A

The round ligament of the liver (w/in the falciform ligament)

64
Q

Two umbilical arteries regress and become

A

The round ligaments of the bladder

65
Q

Definition of omphalitis

A

Inflammation of umbilical structures that may include: umbilical arteries (omphaloarteritis), umbilical vein (omphalophlebitis), urachus, or tissues immediately surrounding the umbilicus

66
Q

Anemia in ruminants secondary to iron deficiency are caused by:

A

Dec amount of iron in milk
Poor placental transfer of iron
Decrased itnestinal absorption

67
Q

Differentials for diseases causing anemia

A 
Frank blood loss d/t injury
Iron deficiency anemia
Neonatal isoerythrolysis
Non-NI immune-mediated hemolytica anemia
Blood coss caused by gastric ulcer
Anemia secondary to bone marrow necrosis
Anemia of chronic disease
Hemolytic dz of newborn calves (anaplasmosis or babesiosis)
68
Q

Differentials for fever in neonates

A

Bacterial or viral infections
Excitement
Seizures with subsequent generation of heat by muscular overactivity
Environmentally induced hyperthermia

69
Q

Causes of cyanosis in calves due to cavdiovascular origin

A 
Tetralogy of Fallot
Triscupid atresia
Truncus arteriosus
Pentology of fallot
Double outlet right ventricle
Single ventricle
Eisemenger compelx
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
70
Q

Respiratory causes of cyanosis in calves:

A

Alveolar hypoventilation
Drug-induced central nervous system (CNS) depresson
CNS trauma or hemorrhage
Hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia
Altered neurologic function of spinal nerves (or resp muscles)
Thoracic cage abnormalities: pneumothorax, fractured ribs
Diaphragmatic hernia
Upper airway obstruction
Restrictive pleural space disorders: hemothorax, pleuritis
Hypoplastic lung

71
Q

Impaired diffusion,, causes of cyanosis in calves

A 
Pulmonary: pneumonia, edema, atelectasis
Shunting
Anatomic (congenital heart defects)
Pathologic: pulmonary hypertension
Ventilation- perfusion mismatch
72
Q

Common signs of congenital heart defects in calves

A

Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Tachypnea
Failure to gain weight

73
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) describe the murmur

A

Continuous murmur localized over the left heart base

74
Q

Differentials for icterus in neonatal ruminants

A 
Sepsis (producing bacterial hepatitis)
Anorexia
Liver disease
Hemolytic anemia
Exposure to hepatotoxins
75
Q

What is the cause of an enterotoxemic condition in nursing lambs, kids and calves characterized by icterus, hemoglobinuria, anemia and intravascular hemolysis

A

C. Perfringens type A

Neonatalogy (5 decks)

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