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Neonatalogy > Smith.18Peripartum Ruminant > Flashcards

Smith.18Peripartum Ruminant Flashcards

1
Q

What is the incidence of dystocia in Holsteins?

A

50% of heifers

30% of cows

require calving assistance

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2
Q

What are examples of disorders in pregnancy and peripartum period that negatively affect the health of the dam and fetus during late gestation?

A

uterine torsion

vaginal prolapse

hydrops allantois

hydrops amnii

metabolic disorders

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3
Q

When does uterine torsion usually occur?

A

late first-stage or early second-stage labor

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4
Q

What are risk factors for uterine torsion in cows?

A

poor maternal muscle tone

strong fetal movement

reduced rumen fill

calf birth weigh tabove average

greater proprtion of fetuses male (63%)

higher in cows compared with heifers

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5
Q

what are clinical signs of a uterine torsion?

A

fever

tachyardia

tachypnea

straining

anorexia

vaginal discharge

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6
Q

Uterine torsion on rectal palpation feels like?

A
  • dependent on whether the orsion is to the left or the right
  • braod ligament is pulled tightly across the uterus
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7
Q

Most uterine torsions are which direction?

A

to the left (counterclockwise)

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8
Q

In a uterine torison, the uterus rolls toward which horn?

A

uterus rolls toward and over the nongravid horn

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9
Q

What is the outcome for manual delivery after correction of uterine torsion?

A

vaginal delivery after manual correction 20%

rolling of the cow: 18%

Cesarean section performed in 35% of cases

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10
Q

What is the prognosis for fetal survival in uterine torsion dependent on?

A

duration of parturition before intervention (longer =worse)

the presence of fetal membranes (worse with detachment)

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11
Q

What is the primary predisposition to cervicovaginal prolapse in cattle?

A

elevated plasma estrogen concentrations

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12
Q

What are factors that contribute to the risk of vaginal prolapse?

A

increased intraabdominal pressure in late pregnancy

obesity

poor vaginal conformation

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13
Q

Is vaginal prolapse recurrent in cows?

A

likely to recurr

**recommend culling when calf is weaned

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14
Q

what is ring womb in sheep and goats?

A

incomplete dilation of the cervix

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15
Q

Are there any predisposing factors to ring womb?

A

No

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16
Q

Is prostaglandin E2 administration effective in the dilation of the cervix?

A

No

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17
Q

What is early dilation syndrome in sheep?

A

Incomplete dilation fhte cervix ocurs approximately 7 to 14 days before term

**ewe has no udder or overnight blooming of udder

**lambs born alive are not viable

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18
Q

Early dilation syndrome in sheep occurs most frequently in:

A

ewe lambs

first -lambing 2 yr olds

**occasionally older ewes

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19
Q

Hydrallantois is often associated with disease of :

A

the uterus

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20
Q

Hyrdamnios is often associated with disease that is:

A

genetic or congenital defects of the fetus

**dexter cattle with bulld dog calves

angus calves with osteopetrosis

Guernsey calves iwth piutiary hypolasia or pituitary aplasia

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21
Q

Define hydrops allantois

A

progressive accumulation of allantoic fluid

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22
Q

accumulation of allantoic fluid from mid-gestation is associated with:

A

placental dysfunction

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23
Q

What is appreciated on rectal palpation of a cow with hydrops allantois?

A

tight distension o futerus

fetus & placentomes are not palpable d/t tightness of uterine wall

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24
Q

What is the recommended treatment for hydrops allantois?

A

poor px– salvage slaughter recommended

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25
Q

Hydraminios is associated with what?

A

genetic (austosomal recessive) or congenitally defective fetuswith swallowing impaired and fluid accumulates

26
Q

What is appreciated on rectal papation of cow with hydramnios?

A

placentomes & fetus are palpable per rectum

27
Q

What is the prognosis for cattle with hydramnios?

A

Good– calf i not viable

28
Q

What is the prevalence of hydrallantois compared to hyramnios?

A

hydrallantois: 85-95%

Hydramnios: 5 - 15%

29
Q

Define abnormal offspring syndrome:

A

Range of abnormalities seen with the transfer of bovine embryos producted and mainpulated in vitro resulting in abnormalities in conceptuses, foetuses, placentas and offspring

30
Q

What is important in environmental management in the peripartum period in cows?

A

Stress (heat/col) around the tiem of parutirition may compromise fetus or neonate

31
Q

When is assessment of fetal viabiity performed in production animals?

A

rarely done, unless prepartum dam is diseased or debilitated

32
Q

Abdominal ultrasound is useful for examining ruminants peri-parturition to determin fetal viability, what parameters are seen following fetal death?

A

absence of fetal heartbeat

thickening of uterine wall

increased echogenciity of chorioallantoic and amniotic fluid

altered fetal posture & defnition

altered contour of the amnion

reduced fentiion and ultimately size of the caruncles

33
Q

with induced parturition, when is the viability of the calf good?

A

within 14 days of anticipated calving date

34
Q

Secretion of what prior to parturition increases and plays important role in the cascade of endocrine eentings leading to parturition?

A

fetal glucocorticoid hormone secretion from adrenal glands

35
Q

What drugs can be used to induce partiurtion in cattle?

A

dexamethasone: 20 - 30 mg alone or in combination with 25 mg PGF2alpha

36
Q

What drugs can be used to induce parturition in sheep and goats ?

A

10 to 20 mg dexamethasone and/or 15 mg PGF2alpha

37
Q

What is a common complication with induction of parturition with dexamthasone and why, in cattle?

A

retention of fetal membranes d/t failure of immune-assessted detachment of fetal membranes & accompanying release of chemotactic factors

38
Q

The efficiency of oxygen transfer to the fetus is increased in the fetus compared to adults due to:

A

high oxygen affinity of fetal hemoglobin

39
Q

Oxygenated blood flow to the fetus is delivered through what vessel? and then pathway of blood through fetus

A

umbilical vein

–> anastomoses with portal vein near liver

–> 2/3rds blood shunted via ductus venosus directly to caudal vena cava

–>ca vena cava drains into right atrium

–>50% of blood shunts from R to L atrium via foramen ovale

40
Q

In the fetus, pulmonary arterial resistance is higher than systemic arterial resistance, what percentage of pulmonary artery flow is shunted into aorta vs perfusing the lung?

A

Pulmonary artery flow:

70% shunts via ductus arterious into aorta

30% perfuses the lung

41
Q

What vessels carry blood back from the fetus to the placenta via the umbilicus?

A

2 umbilical arteries arise from the aorta in teh region of the last lumbar vertebra

**predominantly carrying venous blood back to placenta

42
Q

The majority of lung fluid in the fetus is absorbed through alveolar walls in the initial stages of ventilation, what is this mechanism controlled by?

A

activaiton of adrenaline-mediated alpha-adrengeric receptors in the pulmonary epithelium

43
Q

Pulmonary ventilation decreases pulmonary vascular resistance, promoting perfusion of ventilated alvolar tissue. The increased O2 saturation of blood sitmulates close of what structure?

A

The ductus arteriosus w/in 4 to 5 minutes of birth

44
Q

When does the foramen ovale close in the fetus?

A

Functionally closes with 5 to 20 minutes of birth

45
Q

Why does the foramen ovale close soon after birth?

A

Increased pulmonary venous return raises blood pressure in teh left atrium, reversing the right to left shunt

46
Q

What is the name of tissue that closes the foramen ovale?

A

The septum secundum

**thin fold of tissue that lies in cloe apposition to eh foramen & acts as a valve closing the opening

47
Q

When does anatomic closure of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus occur?

A

within several weeks

48
Q

Explain the mechanism, with dystocias why we see continued right to left vascular shunts?

A

Dystocia– prolonged hypoxia & acidosis

–>maintains constriciton of pulmonary arterioles=

maintenance of high pulmonary vacsulr resistance=

favored maintaince of R to L shunt

49
Q

What is the normal duration of stage 2 labor in ruminants?

A

multiparous animals- 30 minutes

primiparous animals - 60 minutes

50
Q

Fetal viability in ruminants is improved with early intervention in a dystocia, when should you intervene?

A

multiparous animals: assisted within 30 to 60 minutes

primiparous animals: assisted within 60 to 90 minutes

51
Q

How do newborns maintain thermoneutrality?

A

Maintained via shivering and metbaolism of brown adipose tissue

52
Q

In older cows what are the common causes of dystocia?

A

weak labor secondary to:

hypocalcemia

uterine torsion

incompelte cervical dilation

53
Q

What is a common cause of dystocia in heifers?

A

fetoplevic incompatibility

54
Q

During parturition what reflexes can be tested in the calf presenting in anterior presentation?

A

Reflexes:

  • interdigital
  • bulbar
  • swallowing
55
Q

During parturition what reflexes can be tested in the calf presenting in posterior presentation?

A

Reflexes:

  • interdigital
  • anal

pulses in umbilical cord

56
Q

Failure to elicit reflexes/responses in the fetus during parturition is confirmatory of death?

A

No

**because failure to elicit relfexes can be observed in severely acidotic live calves

57
Q

Post birth when should calves:

  • head right reflex?
  • sternal recumbency?
    • attempts to stand?
A
  • head right reflex: immediately after birth
  • stneral: 2 to 4 minutes
  • Stand: 15 to 30 minutes (calves) (10 to 20 minutes lambs)
58
Q

Failure of maternal bonding is more common with

A

primiparous dams

multiple offspring

following delivery via caesarean section

59
Q

If calf does not breath or move spontaneously within a few seconds of birth, what can be performed to initiate a gasping reflex?

A

tactile stimulations;

insertin finrge ro legnth of straw in nasal cavity

inching the nasal septum

rubbing calfs body with straw or towel

pouring cold water in ear or over the head or body of calf

60
Q

In dyspneic neonatal calves the, the respiratory center can be stimulates with respiraotry stimulants, such as

A

doxa pram (1 to 2 mg/kg IV)

**drug is nonselective

**caution in repeat dosing d/t vosulions in hypoxic neonate

61
Q

Thermoregulation is important as recovery from acidosis is dlayed by hypothermia. Cold stress lead sto:

A

increased metabolic needs

produces hypoxia

hypercarbia

metabolic adisosis

potentailly hypoglycemia

62
Q
A

Neonatalogy (5 decks)

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