Smart Book Entry Monday March 31 Flashcards
Another name for primary hyperaldosteronism?
Conn Syndrome
Why is there increased bicarbonate in Conn’s Syndrome?
Increased H+ excretion by alpha-intercalated cells promotes bicarbonate production and increased acitivity of basolateral HCO3-/Cl- exchanger > elevated serum bicarbonate and metabolic alkalosis
In essence there is an increase in bicarbonate to maintain electrical neutrality which further worsens the alkalosis.
What is the reason serum Na+ in Conn’s Syndrome remains relatively unchanged?
Phenomenon called aldosterone escape.
Inc. intravascular volume increases pressure natriuresis and augments atrial natriuretic peptide release, thereby limiting net sodium
Also the temp inc. in serum osmolality triggers a compensatory rise in ADH release
What is the purpose of a two-sample t test?
statistical method commonly employed to compare the means of 2 groups of subjects.
Pro-collagen peptidase deficiency affects an intracellular or extracellular part of collagen production?
extracellular
A pro-collagen peptidase deficiency can lead to what condition?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
In collagen formation the interchain C-terminal disulfide bond formation is performed at what step?
Disulfide bond formation between the C-terminal pro-peptide region of 3 a-chains brings the chains into alignment favorable for assembly into a triple helix (pro-collagen molecule)
In collagen formation, the interchain C-terminal disulfide bond formation is performed intracellularly or extracellularly?
intracellularly
What is another name for normal saline?
sodium chloride
How does excess normal saline infusion affect HCO3, Cl-, pH, and urine sodium?
Excess Cl- pushes HCO3- into cells > reduced bicarbonate and concurrently decreases blood pH.
Infusion of excess normal saline also increases intravascular volume which the kidneys respond to by increasing sodium Na+ excretion leading to inc. urine Na+
Why may a VSD not be audible immediately after birth?
due to high PVR that limits left-to-right shunting through the VSD
Describe the murmur that is characteristic of a VSD heard in the neonatal period?
holo-systolic murmur at the left lower sternal border
What is the dose-limiting adverse effect of vincristine therapy?
neurotoxicity
How can vincristine lead to neurotoxicity?
it inhibits axonal microtubule formation, resulting in impaired axonal transport and peripheral neuropathy (eg, numbness, tingling)
What are drugs that are knownn to improve long-term survival inn patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?
beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, angiotensin receptor - neprilysin inhibitors and aldosterone antagonists.
What greatly influences relative left ventricular end-diastolic volumes?
diastolic filling time
Pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes?
mediated largely by listeriolysin O, an enzyme that creates pores in phagosomes, which allows the bacteria to escape lysosomal destruction
What patients are at greatest risk of contracting Listeria?
Pregnant women in the third trimester are at greatest risk
Which type of hepatitis is associated with a high mortality rate observed in infected pregnant women?
hepatitis E
Describe the morphology of Hep E?
unenveloped, single-stranded RNA virus
In the CNS, HIV preferentially infects and replicates in what blood cells?
macrophages and microglia
Impacts causing thorax to rapidly decelerate can result in blunt aortic injury, especially at transition between relatively mobile and fixed zones. What is the most common site of injury to the aorta in this case?
aortic isthmus just distal to the attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum
In the US what is the main source of rabies?
bats
What type of vaccine is the rabies vaccine?
inactivated vaccine
