Smallholder cases Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you normally palpate to measure the heart rate (based on goat CE)?

A
  • femoral artery
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1
Q

Useful history questions

A
  • passing faeces?
  • when did x start?
  • worming history
  • other animals? are they well?
  • age
  • passing urine?
  • sex
  • breed
  • castrated?
  • diet
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2
Q

What is a feature of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) infection?

A
  • joint enlargement in goats, especially those over 1y/o
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3
Q

Is intersex rare in goats?

A
  • no
  • these are quite common in goats
  • most affected animals are male pseudohermaphrodites
    – they’re genetically female with an XX karyotype but have a wide variety of phenotypic appearances
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4
Q

Normal pulse rate of a goat

A
  • 70-90bpm
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5
Q

What is stargazing and is it normal in goats?

A
  • looking upwards and then rotating their heads through an angle of at least 180 degrees
  • yes it is normal
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6
Q

How common are pseudopregnancies in goats?

A
  • quite common
  • must always be considered in animals presented for pregnancy diagnosis or for investigation of abdominal enlargement
  • up to 30% of does may be affected during their lives, and the incidence increases with age
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7
Q

Differentials for a goat showing signs of abdominal discomfort and dysuria

A
  • cystitis
  • actinomyces
  • spinal cord injury
  • urolithiasis
  • sacral fracture
  • trauma
  • ulcerative balanitis (ulceration and inflammation of the glans penis and the prepuce in males
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8
Q

Options for obstructive urolithiasis in goats

A
  • euthanasia (excellent option give guarded prognosis and likely expensive surgery)
  • tx conservatively with Buscopan, IVFT, broad spec AB and NSAIDs (might be successful if reducing spasm around a single calculus is sufficient to allow urine flow, probably unlikely but could be offered)
  • urethrotomy (could be worth a try, although the urethra will often become blocked again as additional calculi travel down the urethra
  • perineal urethrostomy (considered a salvage procedure as ~80% of these will recur within 12mo
  • cystotomy and tube cystotomy (considered tx of choice in valuable animals and those where a ruptured bladder is suspected
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9
Q

Preventing urolithiasis in goats

A
  • offer more forage
  • offer goats salt licks
  • reduce phosphorus in diet
  • reduce Mg in diet
  • introduce ammonium chloride into diet
  • reduce concentrate feeding
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10
Q

Pig legislation for England do’s

A
  • obtain a county parish holding (CPH) number
  • have a licence for any movement of pigs on to or off of premises
  • identify all pigs with an ear tag/tattoo/slapmark
  • register with APHA as a pig keeper
  • keep a record of any medicines purchased and administered
  • keep a holding movement record
  • apply for awalking licence from APHA
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11
Q

Pig legislation for England don’ts

A
  • tail dock routinely
  • move any pigs anywhere until 21d after the arrival of a pig
  • bury dead pigs
  • feed pig any surplus food, including table scraps
  • insert a nose ring in a boar
  • transport pigs in any way that is likely to cause injury or undue suffering
  • tear any tissues when performing castration
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12
Q

Should pigs that live outdoors, and those that are exercised outside, be wormed every 4-6m?

A
  • yes
  • fresh faecal samples should be examined for worm eggs
  • worming with an ivermectin, which also covers mange, is useful
  • if protection against mange is not required, benzimidazoles are generally very effective
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13
Q

When do Vietnamese potbellied pigs reach puberty?

A
  • 4 months old (2 bones before commercial pigs)
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14
Q

How old should male pet pigs be castrated?

A

~10d/o

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15
Q

Which pigs to vaccinate against Erysipelas?

A
  • all pig pets
  • an initial course of 2 injections, followed by 6m booster
  • prevents the appearance of erysipelas infection but doesn’t protect against lameness associated with the condition
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16
Q

In what position are pet pigs normally assessed?

A
  • on their backs
  • clients should be encouraged to place the pig on its back as a form of playing to accustom it to this position in case it needs to be examined clinically
17
Q

Normal pulse rate of a weaned pig

18
Q

How does Sarcoptes scabies var suis present in pigs?

A
  • pruritic, often with a yellowish-brown deposit on the skin, particularly in and around the ears
  • diagnosis confirmed by examining a sample of wax scraped from inside the ear for mange mites under a microscope
19
Q

In pigs, when should Erysipelas be suspected?

A
  • animal suddenly becomes sick
  • high rectal temp
  • walks stiffly
  • characteristic diamond-shaped lesions may appear the following day in white areas or be felt on dark-skinned pigs
20
Q

What bacteria most commonly causes D+ in young pigs?

21
Q

How much of a pigs waking time should be spent searching for food?

A
  • 60%
  • therefore pet pigs need to be fed over a wide area of ground to help maintain a good BCS, aid locomotion and general digestion
22
Q

T or F: camelids are unable to open their mouth wide enough to make possible a more than cursory examination of the oral cavity?

23
Q

Where are the 2 major sites for jugular venipuncture in camelids?

A
  • low on the neck near the thoracic inlet
  • high near the ramus of the mandible
24
T or F: normal lung sounds are muted in camelids and may be difficult to hear
- True - the rr is best established by placing the stethoscope over the trachea at the thoracic inlet
25
How is gastric intubation accomplished in camelids?
- via the oral cavity - the nasal cavity is narrow and precludes passage of any except small tubes
26
T or F: camelids use a communal dung heap for both urination and defaecation
- true
27
Normal body temp of camelids
- 37.5-38.9C, but can be as high as 40C
28
Normal gastric motility rate in camelids
- 3-4/minute - increases slightly after feeding
29
T or F: pulse evaluation is not used in camelids, as there are no readily accessible arteries
- true
30
Due to stress, where can camelids develop ulceration?
- C3 (3rd compartment)
31
What is the lesion localisation of those likely to cause the most severe CS of colic?
- lesions affecting the distal SI or spiral colon - forestomach problems are least likely to result in severe signs
32
What age of camelids are most likely to get tooth root abscesses?
- 2-5y/o
33
What parasite causes severe anaemia in camelids?
- Haemonchus spp - when they present the animals will be very severely affected, but they should respond rapidly to blood transfusion from a healthy animal - usually a single unit (450ml) of blood from a healthy animal with a PCV of 24-28% will be adequate, esp if the underlying cause if identified and tx
34
Use of passive float tests in camelids
- most are too insensitive for use in camelids - the modified Stoll's test is recommended, and is sensitive down to 5 eggs/gram of faeces (epg)
35
T or F: the innate immunity of camelids to parasitism is lower than that or sheep
- True - this means that's under UK grazing conditions, camelids may suffer from clinical dz at lower levels of infestation that would be expected to be clinically significant in sheep - additionally, when co-grazed with sheep, camelids are more likely to succumb to clinical dz due to increased parasite exposure
36
What do lice infestations cause in camelids?
- pruritus + anaemia with sucking lice - sucking lice can be treated with injectable avermectins - chewing lice: topical product for use in other spp should be applied
37
In a camelid, where should you take a peritoneal tap?
- one hands breadth caudal to the last rib on the right flank - 1/3rd to 1/2 of the way from the midline
38
Which coccidia affect camelids?
- Eimeria: -- punoensis -- alpaca -- lamae -- macusaniensis
39
Camelid sarcoptic mange tx
- ivermectin injections of 0.5-0.6mg/kg every 7-10d for 3-4 treatments
40
Recommended tx protocol for tooth root abscesses in camelids
- SC florfenicol at dose of 20mg/kg every other day