Small Test 1

Question 1

how to treat hypovolemia
(crystalloid type, administration route and duration)

Answer 1

1st choice: Isotonic Crystalloid.
10 - 20 ml/kg bolus in 20min
IV, IO

Question 2

what is a bactericidal?
give 3 examples

Answer 2

A abctericidal kills hte bacteria.

Penicilin
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides

Question 3

What is a bacteriostatic?
give 3 examples of a bacteriostatic

Answer 3

A bacteriostatic suppresses the growth of bacteria.

Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Lincosamides

Question 4

Chicken Experiment:
Drug used,
Aim,
Method,
Admin. route.
Dose

Answer 4

Aim: Pharmacokinetic Investigation of Sulfachloropyridazine Sodium in broiler chickens.
Drug used: 20% Sulfachloropyridazine sodium aqueous solution.
Method: Bratton-Marshall Method.
Admin route: IV
Dose: 100mg/kg

Question 5

name x4 indications of crystalloids

Answer 5

Hypovolemia due to quick fluid loss.
correction of dehydration.
maintenace of tissue perfusion.
Correction of acid-base and electrolyte disturbances.

Question 6

name a contraindication of crystalloids

Answer 6

Congestive heart failure

Question 7

give 2 examples of crystalloid substances

Answer 7

electrolytes
glucose

Question 8

give 3 examples of isotonic (= 9%) crystalloids

Answer 8

Salsol A
Ringers Lactate
Alkaligen

Question 9

Give 3 examples of hypotonic (<0.9%) crystalloids

Answer 9

5% glucose
Salsol B
Balansol

Question 10

Give an example of hypertonic (>0.9%) crystalloid

Answer 10

10% NaCl Solution

Question 11

name diff types of colloids

Answer 11

synthetic: starch (HAES, HES), gelatine
natural: albumin, globulin, blood preparations (FFP, FP)

Question 12

name some indications of colloids

Answer 12

hypovolemic shock
hypoalbuminaemia
high capillary permeability
SIRS or sepsis

Question 13

name some side effects of colloids

Answer 13

acute kidney injury
coagulopathy
hypervolemia

Question 14

if hypovolemia occurs:
how long will it take to treat?
administration routes?
is HV acute or chronic?

Answer 14

how long; mins - hours
AR: IV, IO
acute

Question 15

what are the formulas to treat hypovolemia

Answer 15

1st choice;
isotonic crystalloid
10 - 20ml / kg bolus in 20 mins.

if needed:
2-5ml/kg colloid and/or hypertonic crystalloid 4-5ml/kg.

Question 16

if dehydration occurs:
how long will it take to treat?
administration routes?
is it acute or chronic?

Answer 16

takes 1 - 2 days to treat.
AR: mild - IO, SC. severe - IV.
chronic

Question 17

what is the formula to treat dehydration?

Answer 17

isotonic crystalloid:
body weight (kg) x 10 x % dehydration

Question 18

what is the diff btw hypovolemia and dehydration?

Answer 18

hypovolemia: IV fluid deficit, volume deficit.

dehydration: IS and IC deficit, takes time for the rxn to occur - hasnt eaten in days, PU w/o PD.

Question 19

what is the fluid volume in canine?

Answer 19

80 - 90 ml/kg

Question 20

what is the fluid volume in feline?

Answer 20

60 - 65 ml/kg

Question 21

what ions are found in the EC?

Answer 21

Na+ and Cl-

Question 22

what ions are found in the IC space?

Answer 22

K+
phosphor
proteins

Question 23

movements of fluid:
what compartments does fluid move btw in EC?
what can move btw these compartments?
what cannot move btw these compartments?

Answer 23

fluid moves btw IS and IV - through capillary wall.

moves freely: water, ions, glucose, urea.

cannot move: proteins - creates colloid oncotic pressure.

Question 24

movement of fluid:
what does fluid cross when moving between the EC and IC compartments?
what can move freely?
what cannot move freely?

Answer 24

fluid crosses the cell membrane.

moves freely; water and urea

cannot move freely: ions, glucose. these require transport proteins, and energy to be moved.
creates an osmotic ratio.

Question 25

according to osmolality, what infusion types have to be used in case of:
hypovolemia
dehydration

Answer 25

hypovolemia:
isotonic crystalloid,
colloid,
hypertonic crystalloid.

dehydration: isotonic crystalloid.

Question 26

chicken experiment:
active ingredient used for treatment?

Answer 26

20% sulfachloropyridazine sodium aqueous solution.

Question 27

chicken experiment:
chemical used for diazotation (R1)

Answer 27

0.1% sodium nitrate aqueous solution

Question 28

chicken experiment:
what is R2

Answer 28

0.5% sodium sulfamate aqueous solution.

Question 29

chicken experiment:
chemical used for colour reaction (R3)

Answer 29

0.1% N-1Nnaftil-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride ethanol solution.

Question 30

chicken experiment:
what is mixed with the blood to precipitate proteins?

Answer 30

15% trichloroacetic acid