Small Studies Flashcards
1
Q
LTM Duration (6)
- ______________
- With ______________________
- 3 tests: ______________________________
- _________ after graduation: participants were ______________________
- And ______________________
- ____________ declined the most, but still _______________
A
- Bahrick tested VLTM
- With 400+ participants from age 17-74
- 3 tests: free recall, photo recognition and name recognition
After 48 years, participants were 80% accurate on name recognition
- And 70% on photo recognition
- Free recall declined the most, but still 30% accurate
2
Q
Context Dependent Cues (5)
- ________________
- ___________________ using _______________
- 4 conditions; (_______________________________________________)
- Participants asked to ______________________________________
- Results: _______________________________________
A
- Godden and Baddeley
- Repeated measures design using 18 participants
- 4 conditions; (Learn on land, recall on land / learn under, recall under / learn under, recall on land / learn on land, recall under)
- Participants asked to learn unrelated words either on land or underwater
- 40% more words forgotton when the condition changed (Learn on land, recall underwater or learn underwater recall on land)
3
Q
3 Types of Memory Case Study Evidence (5)
- A __________________________________
- From ________________________________
- His ______________ LTM (____________________) stopped working
- But his ________________ LTM (___________) remained intact
- Provides evidence for _____________________
A
- A man named HM suffered brain damage
- From an epilepsy operation in which his hippocampus was removed
- His declarative explicit LTM (Episodic and semantic) stopped working
- But his non-declarative, implicit LTM (procedural) remained intact
- Provides evidence for the seperate types of LTM
4
Q
STM Coding (5)
- __________ gave __ participants _________
- __________, __________, ____________ and ____________
- _______________ was worst (__%) with ______________
- Suggests the ___________________
- As the ________________ caused the __________________
- Suggesting they _________________
A
- Baddeley gave 72 participants 4 ten word lists
- Acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar and semantically dissimilar
- Immediate recall was worst (30%) with acoustically similar
- Suggests the STM is coded acoustically
- As the acoustically similar sounds caused the most confusion in recall
- Suggesting they occupy the same brain area
5
Q
STM Duration (5)
- _________________ gave participants _________
- Trigrams were __________________
- And had to _______________________________________
- _________________ by an ________________ (_________________)
- After _________________________
- After _______________________
A
- Peterson and Peterson gave participants trigrams
- Trigrams were presented one at a time
- And had to be recalled after intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds
- Rehersal was prevented by an interference task (counting backwards)
- After 3 seconds, 80% recall of the trigrams
- After 18 seconds, less than 10% recall
6
Q
State Dependent Cues (5)
- ________
- Material learnt _________________
- And then tested ______________________
- Recall worse when ___________________________________ (_____________________________)
A
- Overton
- Material learnt either drunk or sober
- And then tested either drunk or sober
- Recall worse when participants were in a different internal state (Learnt drunk, recalled sober / learnt sober, recalled drunk)
7
Q
STM Capacity (5)
- ________ / - __________________ presented with ______________
- Participants had to _______________________________________
- With the _____________________________
- Until the _____________________________
- On average, ______________________
- Supporting evidence for _________________________
A
- Jacobs
- 443 Female Participants presented with series of letters/digits
- Participants had to repeat back a string of numbers or letters in the same order
- With the number of digits/letters gradually increasing
- Until the participants could no longer recall the sequence
- On average, 7.3 letters and 9.3 digits
- Supporting evidence for Miller’s 7+-2 STM theory
8
Q
LTM Coding (5)
- __________ gave __ participants _________
- __________, __________, ____________ and ____________
- _______________ was worst (___%) with ______________
- Suggests the ___________________
- As the ________________ caused the __________________
- Suggesting they _________________
A
- Baddeley gave 72 participants 4 ten word lists
- Acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar and semantically dissimilar
- After 20 minutes, recall was worst (60%) with semantically similar
- Suggests the LTM is coded semantically
- As the semantically similar sounds caused the most confusion in recall
- Suggesting they occupy the same brain area
9
Q
LTM Seperate Systems (7)
- ____________________________
- Cannot remember his _______________ (________)
- However can remember _____________ (__________)
- And _____________ (____________)
- He cannot _____________ but can gain _________________________
- Shows they are ___________, suggesting _________________
A
- Clive Wearing has retrograde amnesia
- Cannot remember his muscial education (episodic)
- However can remember facts about his life (semantic)
- And how to play piano (procedural)
- Due to his amnesia, he cannot gain new episodic memories
- But he can gain new procedural memories through repetition
- Shows they are different systems, suggesting different brain areas
10
Q
MSM Case Study Evidence (5)
A
- A man named HM suffered brain damage
- From an epilepsy operation in which his hippocampus was removed
- His STM remained functional but his LTM (procedural still intact) stopped working altogether
- Provides evidence for the MSMs notion of seperate stores
- As HM could no longer retrieve info from his LTM to his STM
