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DMS > Small Parts Test: GI, Prostate, Neonatal Brain > Flashcards

Small Parts Test: GI, Prostate, Neonatal Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Name the parts of the GI tract.

A

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

Name the three sections of the small intestine.

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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3
Q

What is found at the terminal end of the cecum?

A

appendix

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4
Q

The ileum opens into the

A

cecum

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5
Q

What is the largest endocrine organ?

A

GI Tract

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6
Q

What is the GI tract responsible for?

A

digestion and absorption

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7
Q

What are the three hormones of the GI tract

A

gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin

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8
Q

Gastrin does what?

A

stimulates stomach to produce hydrochloric acid

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9
Q

Secretin does what?

A

pH stabilizer

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10
Q

Cholecystokinin does what?

A

causes GB to contract
this hormone is produced in the duodenum

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11
Q

Normal bowel wall is how thick?

A

3-5 mm

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12
Q

How may layers can be seen in transverse on ultrasound of the normal bowel wall

A

5
(causes bullseye appearance)

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13
Q

The stomach is ___ to the pancreas.

A

anterior

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14
Q

The appendix is about ____ below the iliocecal opening

A

2 cm

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15
Q

Another name for appendix

A

vermiform appendix

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16
Q

Average length of the appendix

A

10 cm

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17
Q

acute appendicitis is a result of

A

obstruction or inflammation

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18
Q

What are symptoms of acute appendicitis

A

RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, McBurney’s point pain, N & V, increased WBC, fever

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19
Q

What are three sonographic signs of appendicitis

A

diameter is greater than 6mm, non compressible, appendicoliths (looks like gallstones)

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20
Q

when measuring appendix, we measure outer wall to ____ wall

A

outer

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21
Q

when is the diameter of the appendix abnormal

A

greater than 7 mm

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22
Q

What is it called when there is an abnormally thick pyloric muscle?

A

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

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23
Q

What does Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis do?

A

prevents entrance of food into duodenum

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24
Q

what ages do we see hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

infants between 3-6 weeks of age (more often males) *rarely past 5 months of age

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25
Q

HPS Symptoms

A

palpable mass
projectile vomiting
bile free emesis
weight loss
dehydration
failure to thrive

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26
Q

HPS Appearance
** measurements **
Pyloric canal:
Pyloric muscle wall:
Pyloric diameter in trvs:

A

-15 mm
-3 mm
-10-15 mm
*or greater

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27
Q

What is intussusception?

A

segment of bowel invaginates into adjacent intestinal lumen, looks like a telescope.

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28
Q

What is the option to fix intussusception?

A

enema

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29
Q

What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in males between 6-36 months.

A

Intussusception

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30
Q

Symptoms of intussusception include

A

severe abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stools, palpable abdominal mass

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31
Q

Appearance of intussusception on US

A

alternating hypoechoic and hyperechoic concentric rings

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32
Q

Is the prostate retroperitoneal or peritoneal

A

retroperitoneal.

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33
Q

What is anterior to the prostate

A

pubic bone

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34
Q

what is posterior to the prostate

A

rectum

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35
Q

what is superior to the prostate

A

bladder

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36
Q

where ejaculatory ducts meet with the urethra

A

veramontanun

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37
Q

what does the prostate surround?

A

urethra

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38
Q

what types of tissue is the prostate composed of

A

glandular and fibromuscular with a fibrous capsule

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39
Q

Base of the prostate is at the _____ end of the gland

A

cephalic

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40
Q

Apex of the prostate is at the ____ end of the gland

A

caudal

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41
Q

Normal measurement of the prostate is

A

3 cm

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42
Q

As men age, does the prostate enlarge or shrink

A

enlarge

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43
Q

growth and functions of the prostate are regulated by

A

testosterone

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44
Q

What does the prostate do?

A

production and storage of fluid used for sperm transportation

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45
Q

sperm has a ___ pH

A

high

46
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down coagulated sperm?

A

PSA

46
Q

What does PSA mean

A

Prostate Specific Antigen

47
Q

How is PSA secreted

A

through ductal system in prostate

48
Q

What is the normal range of values for PSA

A

4-10 ng/mL

49
Q

High levels of PSA can indicate

A

cancer, enlarged prostate

50
Q

Name the 5 zones of the prostate

A
  1. Peripheral zone
  2. Central zone
  3. Transitional zone
  4. Periurethral glandular zone
    Fibromuscular stroma
51
Q

What is the zone that makes up 70 % of glandular tissue in the prostate gland

A

Peripheral zone

52
Q

What directional terms is the PZ

A

posterior and lateral

53
Q

Where is the most frequent site for prostate CA
*70-80%

A

PZ

54
Q

What is the normal echo texture of the PZ?

A

isoechoic/homogeneous

55
Q

What zone makes up 25% of glandular tissue

A

central zone

56
Q

what directional term is used for CZ

A

superior

57
Q

Which should be more echogenic, PZ or CZ

A

CZ

58
Q

What zone will contain rare but aggressive cancers in the prostate

A

CZ

59
Q

What zone makes up 5% of glandular tissue in the prostate gland

A

Transitional zone

60
Q

What zone is the site of BPH

A

TZ

61
Q

When the transitional zone has benign prostatic hyperplasia, what increases?

A

TZ size and echogenicity

62
Q

What percentage of cancers start in the TZ

A

20%

63
Q

The fibromuscular stroma of the prostate is located _______, and is a smooth muscle contiguous with bladder wall, and is not affected by pathology because it is ___-_________ tissue

A

anterior; non-glandular

64
Q

What three reasons would you examine the prostate

A

abnormal digital rectal exam
abnormal PSA
as guidance for a biopsy

65
Q

Is a prostate biopsy sterile?

A

No

66
Q

What position for a prostate biopsy?

A

LLD

67
Q

What is BPH

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
enlargement of the prostate in transitional zones
TZ is hyperechoic compared to PZ
TZ is heterogeneous, sometimes with cysts or calcifications

68
Q

What ages is BPH higher chance

A

40-60 years

69
Q

What percentage of men will have BPH sometime in their lives?

A

80%

70
Q

BPH US appearance

A

increased AP dimension
more rounded shape of prostate
PZ compression

71
Q

What is inflammation of prostate gland

A

Prostatitis

72
Q

Prostatitis affects what zone?

A

PZ

73
Q

typically prostatitis is ________ in nature

A

bacterial

74
Q

What are some symptoms of prostatitis

A

fever, lower back pain, symptoms tend to be vague

75
Q

what is the corpus cavernosa in the penis?

A

main erectile tissue, two

76
Q

what is the corpus cavernosa made up of?

A

sinusoidal chambers and smooth muscle, tunica albuginea surrounds each

77
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum in the penis?

A

single body, located on ventral side of penis, contains urethra

78
Q

What is the arterial supply like in the penis

A

paired internal pudendal arteries (branches off of the internal iliac arteries), divides into deep artery which supplies corpus cavernosa

79
Q

what is the main venous supply in the penis

A

superficial dorsal vein, deep dorsal vein

80
Q

what are the causes of impotence

A

hormonal imbalance, cavernosal venous leak, arterial insufficiency

81
Q

what is the name of the condition resulting from fibrous scar tissue that develops on the penis and causes curved, painful erections, usually caused by repeated injury to the penis

A

peyronie disease

82
Q

what is the name of a fractured penis/hematoma

A

penile trauma

83
Q

what is the name of a prolonged erection of the penis

A

priapism

84
Q

what is midline, routes communication between hemispheres, echogenic in appearance

A

corpus callosum

85
Q

what is midline, anechoic cystic structure, not connected to ventricular system, between frontal horns

A

cavum septum pellucidum

86
Q

paired, egg shaped, hypoechoic, lateral, on each side of third ventricle,

A

thalamus

87
Q

with the CSP, when does it start to regress and when should it completely be gone

A

6th month of gestation, completely gone by 2 months of age

88
Q

what relays sensory information to cerebrum

A

thalamus

89
Q

what is the head of the corpus callosum called

A

rostrum

90
Q

what is the neck of the corpus callosum called

A

genu

91
Q

what is the tail of the corpus callosum called

A

splenium

92
Q

what structure is near the thalamus, and what is the groove the thalamus sits in called

A

caudate nucleus
caudothalmic groove

93
Q

what is posterior to the 4th ventricle

A

cerebellum

94
Q

what are the 2 hemispheres connected by

A

cerebellar vermis

94
Q

what is responsible for coordinating movement, learning physical skills

A

cerebellum

95
Q

what is posterior, between cerebellum and medulla

A

cisterna magna

96
Q

what structure is anechoic and allows CSF to drain

A

cisterna magna

97
Q

what is specialized tissue that produces CSF

A

choroid plexus

98
Q

true or false: the choroid plexus is echogenic and is located in all ventricles

A

true

99
Q

what is only in fetuses, majority of bleeds occur here, vascular embryonic network, superior to thalamus, only usually seen with hemorrhage

A

germinal matrix

100
Q

where are neurons formed and developed

A

germinal matrix

101
Q

what age range is the germinal matrix most active in

A

8-28 weeks gestation

102
Q

midline, echogenic line, separating the two cerebral hemispheres,

A

interhemispheric fissure

103
Q

what MHz transducer should we use when scanning the neonatal brain

A

greater than 8 MHz

104
Q

when scanning sagittal plane on neonatal brain, we aim the notch of the transducer to

A

baby’s nose

105
Q

when scanning coronal plane on neonatal brain, we aim the notch of the transducer to

A

baby’s right side

106
Q

ventricular enlargement with increased ICP

A

hydrocephalus

107
Q

what can cause hydrocephalus?

A

obstruction, overproduction, infection, intraventricular hemorrhage, abnormal CSF absorption

108
Q

with this condition, ICP is normal, baby’s head is not large:

A

ventriculomegaly

109
Q

what congenital anomalies are seen with hydrocephalus

A

dandy walker, chiari, spina bifida, aquductal stenosis

110
Q
A

DMS (3 decks)

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