Small Parts Test: GI, Prostate, Neonatal Brain Flashcards
1
Q
Name the parts of the GI tract.
A
Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
2
Q
Name the three sections of the small intestine.
A
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
3
Q
What is found at the terminal end of the cecum?
A
appendix
4
Q
The ileum opens into the
A
cecum
5
Q
What is the largest endocrine organ?
A
GI Tract
6
Q
What is the GI tract responsible for?
A
digestion and absorption
7
Q
What are the three hormones of the GI tract
A
gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin
8
Q
Gastrin does what?
A
stimulates stomach to produce hydrochloric acid
9
Q
Secretin does what?
A
pH stabilizer
10
Q
Cholecystokinin does what?
A
causes GB to contract
this hormone is produced in the duodenum
11
Q
Normal bowel wall is how thick?
A
3-5 mm
12
Q
How may layers can be seen in transverse on ultrasound of the normal bowel wall
A
5
(causes bullseye appearance)
13
Q
The stomach is ___ to the pancreas.
A
anterior
14
Q
The appendix is about ____ below the iliocecal opening
A
2 cm
15
Q
Another name for appendix
A
vermiform appendix
16
Q
Average length of the appendix
A
10 cm
17
Q
acute appendicitis is a result of
A
obstruction or inflammation
18
Q
What are symptoms of acute appendicitis
A
RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, McBurney’s point pain, N & V, increased WBC, fever
19
Q
What are three sonographic signs of appendicitis
A
diameter is greater than 6mm, non compressible, appendicoliths (looks like gallstones)
20
Q
when measuring appendix, we measure outer wall to ____ wall
A
outer
21
Q
when is the diameter of the appendix abnormal
A
greater than 7 mm
22
Q
What is it called when there is an abnormally thick pyloric muscle?
A
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
23
Q
What does Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis do?
A
prevents entrance of food into duodenum
24
Q
what ages do we see hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
A
infants between 3-6 weeks of age (more often males) *rarely past 5 months of age
25
HPS Symptoms
palpable mass
projectile vomiting
bile free emesis
weight loss
dehydration
failure to thrive
26
HPS Appearance
** measurements **
Pyloric canal:
Pyloric muscle wall:
Pyloric diameter in trvs:
-15 mm
-3 mm
-10-15 mm
*or greater
27
What is intussusception?
segment of bowel invaginates into adjacent intestinal lumen, looks like a telescope.
28
What is the option to fix intussusception?
enema
29
What is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in males between 6-36 months.
Intussusception
30
Symptoms of intussusception include
severe abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stools, palpable abdominal mass
31
Appearance of intussusception on US
alternating hypoechoic and hyperechoic concentric rings
32
Is the prostate retroperitoneal or peritoneal
retroperitoneal.
33
What is anterior to the prostate
pubic bone
34
what is posterior to the prostate
rectum
35
what is superior to the prostate
bladder
36
where ejaculatory ducts meet with the urethra
veramontanun
37
what does the prostate surround?
urethra
38
what types of tissue is the prostate composed of
glandular and fibromuscular with a fibrous capsule
39
Base of the prostate is at the _____ end of the gland
cephalic
40
Apex of the prostate is at the ____ end of the gland
caudal
41
Normal measurement of the prostate is
3 cm
42
As men age, does the prostate enlarge or shrink
enlarge
43
growth and functions of the prostate are regulated by
testosterone
44
What does the prostate do?
production and storage of fluid used for sperm transportation
45
sperm has a ___ pH
high
46
What is the enzyme that breaks down coagulated sperm?
PSA
46
What does PSA mean
Prostate Specific Antigen
47
How is PSA secreted
through ductal system in prostate
48
What is the normal range of values for PSA
4-10 ng/mL
49
High levels of PSA can indicate
cancer, enlarged prostate
50
Name the 5 zones of the prostate
1. Peripheral zone
2. Central zone
3. Transitional zone
4. Periurethral glandular zone
Fibromuscular stroma
51
What is the zone that makes up 70 % of glandular tissue in the prostate gland
Peripheral zone
52
What directional terms is the PZ
posterior and lateral
53
Where is the most frequent site for prostate CA
*70-80%
PZ
54
What is the normal echo texture of the PZ?
isoechoic/homogeneous
55
What zone makes up 25% of glandular tissue
central zone
56
what directional term is used for CZ
superior
57
Which should be more echogenic, PZ or CZ
CZ
58
What zone will contain rare but aggressive cancers in the prostate
CZ
59
What zone makes up 5% of glandular tissue in the prostate gland
Transitional zone
60
What zone is the site of BPH
TZ
61
When the transitional zone has benign prostatic hyperplasia, what increases?
TZ size and echogenicity
62
What percentage of cancers start in the TZ
20%
63
The fibromuscular stroma of the prostate is located _______, and is a smooth muscle contiguous with bladder wall, and is not affected by pathology because it is ___-_________ tissue
anterior; non-glandular
64
What three reasons would you examine the prostate
abnormal digital rectal exam
abnormal PSA
as guidance for a biopsy
65
Is a prostate biopsy sterile?
No
66
What position for a prostate biopsy?
LLD
67
What is BPH
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia:
enlargement of the prostate in transitional zones
TZ is hyperechoic compared to PZ
TZ is heterogeneous, sometimes with cysts or calcifications
68
What ages is BPH higher chance
40-60 years
69
What percentage of men will have BPH sometime in their lives?
80%
70
BPH US appearance
increased AP dimension
more rounded shape of prostate
PZ compression
71
What is inflammation of prostate gland
Prostatitis
72
Prostatitis affects what zone?
PZ
73
typically prostatitis is ________ in nature
bacterial
74
What are some symptoms of prostatitis
fever, lower back pain, symptoms tend to be vague
75
what is the corpus cavernosa in the penis?
main erectile tissue, two
76
what is the corpus cavernosa made up of?
sinusoidal chambers and smooth muscle, tunica albuginea surrounds each
77
What is the corpus spongiosum in the penis?
single body, located on ventral side of penis, contains urethra
78
What is the arterial supply like in the penis
paired internal pudendal arteries (branches off of the internal iliac arteries), divides into deep artery which supplies corpus cavernosa
79
what is the main venous supply in the penis
superficial dorsal vein, deep dorsal vein
80
what are the causes of impotence
hormonal imbalance, cavernosal venous leak, arterial insufficiency
81
what is the name of the condition resulting from fibrous scar tissue that develops on the penis and causes curved, painful erections, usually caused by repeated injury to the penis
peyronie disease
82
what is the name of a fractured penis/hematoma
penile trauma
83
what is the name of a prolonged erection of the penis
priapism
84
what is midline, routes communication between hemispheres, echogenic in appearance
corpus callosum
85
what is midline, anechoic cystic structure, not connected to ventricular system, between frontal horns
cavum septum pellucidum
86
paired, egg shaped, hypoechoic, lateral, on each side of third ventricle,
thalamus
87
with the CSP, when does it start to regress and when should it completely be gone
6th month of gestation, completely gone by 2 months of age
88
what relays sensory information to cerebrum
thalamus
89
what is the head of the corpus callosum called
rostrum
90
what is the neck of the corpus callosum called
genu
91
what is the tail of the corpus callosum called
splenium
92
what structure is near the thalamus, and what is the groove the thalamus sits in called
caudate nucleus
caudothalmic groove
93
what is posterior to the 4th ventricle
cerebellum
94
what are the 2 hemispheres connected by
cerebellar vermis
94
what is responsible for coordinating movement, learning physical skills
cerebellum
95
what is posterior, between cerebellum and medulla
cisterna magna
96
what structure is anechoic and allows CSF to drain
cisterna magna
97
what is specialized tissue that produces CSF
choroid plexus
98
true or false: the choroid plexus is echogenic and is located in all ventricles
true
99
what is only in fetuses, majority of bleeds occur here, vascular embryonic network, superior to thalamus, only usually seen with hemorrhage
germinal matrix
100
where are neurons formed and developed
germinal matrix
101
what age range is the germinal matrix most active in
8-28 weeks gestation
102
midline, echogenic line, separating the two cerebral hemispheres,
interhemispheric fissure
103
what MHz transducer should we use when scanning the neonatal brain
greater than 8 MHz
104
when scanning sagittal plane on neonatal brain, we aim the notch of the transducer to
baby's nose
105
when scanning coronal plane on neonatal brain, we aim the notch of the transducer to
baby's right side
106
ventricular enlargement with increased ICP
hydrocephalus
107
what can cause hydrocephalus?
obstruction, overproduction, infection, intraventricular hemorrhage, abnormal CSF absorption
108
with this condition, ICP is normal, baby's head is not large:
ventriculomegaly
109
what congenital anomalies are seen with hydrocephalus
dandy walker, chiari, spina bifida, aquductal stenosis
110
