small group - neoplasia - julia Flashcards
review: what is:
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- atrophy
- metaplasia
- hypertrophy = enlargement of the cells in an organ
- hyperplasia = enlargement of an organ due to increased number of cells
- atrophy = shrinkage of an organ due to death of cells
- metaplasia = growth of cells that appear normal but are the wrong type for the tissue they’re growing in
what will a uterine neoplasm look like? what characteristic of this growth indicate that it’s benign?
- the mass will be smooth and circumscribed
- in this image, the neoplasia is on the top right - can see it’s well defined
- the thing in the middle is a benign polyp
- the cervix is on the left side (this is a historectemy specimen)
what is a leiomyoma?
- benign tumor of the smooth muscle
- probably most common tumor of female genital tract
- also called fibroid?
what will a leiomyoma look like histologically?
- tumor cells are very uniform - look like each other
- on left, compressed myometrium
- large mass on the right (everything after white area) is tumor
- on higher power, they’d look similar
- mass is well demarkated, circumscribed
- well differentiated because so uniform and can identify it as smooth muscle
- can tell its benign because so well differentiated
what are the features of benign neoplasm versus malignant neoplasm?
- benign is:
- localized
- circumscribed (not infiltrating surrounding tissue)
- typically well differentiated
- malignant is:
- invasion
- metastasis
- usually show loss of differentiation
how can you tell if this tumor is malignant or not?
- basement membrane is still intact
- well differentiated, no invasion
- all features of benign lesion
how are neoplasms named?
- oma = benign
- carcinoma = malignant epithelial neoplasm
- sarcoma = malignant connective tissue neoplasm
what are some notable exceptions ot normal naming patterns (tumor types that are labled -oma but are malignant)? (5)
- melanoma
- leukemia
- lymphoma
- astrocytoma
- glimoa
is this tumor benign or malignant? how can you tell?
- this is an adenocarcinoma (so malignant)
- the bottom has a loss of polarity - large round glands instead of the nice thin ones at the top of the picture
- the tumor cells are below the basement membrane - shouldn’t have any glands in submucosa - so invasive and therefore malignant
define the following terms (all gross descriptive terms for neoplasm):
- cystic
- ulcerated
- desmoplastic
- papillary
- polypoid
- villous
- cycstic has empty space in center
- ulcerated has an ulcer
- desmoplastic is fibrotic
- papillary is branching with small projections
- polyploid is mushroom like
- villous is finger-like
none of these are diagnostic, but are used to describe
define the following terms (histologic descriptors for neoplasms)
- dysplastic
- anaplastic
- pleomorphic
- desmoplastic
- papillary
- dyspastic has a lack of normal maturation
- anaplastic is undifferntiated - wild and malignant
- pleomorphic - cells don’t look like each other
- desmoplastic - proliferation of fibroblasts, scarlike
- papillary - small projections
what are the different types of colonic polyps? how do they differ? which is more dangerous?
- pedunculated
- tubular adenoma of the colon is the histologic diagnosis
- small, circuscribed
- sessile
- villous adenomas
- still has polarity in archetecture
- circumscribed
- sessile have greater risk of progression, are greater in large lesions and in lesions with high grade dysplasia
what is a teratoma?
- multiple lines of differentiation in a single neoplasm
- characteristically arising in ovary or testis (germ cell origin)
how are premalignant epithelial lesions identified?
- recognized by severe dysplasia
- called dysplasia-carcinoma sequence
