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RT13CONTRAST > SMALL BOWEL SERIES > Flashcards

SMALL BOWEL SERIES Flashcards

1
Q

Study of Small Intestine Radiographic examination specifically of the small intestine

A

small bowel series

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2
Q

Study of Large Intestine The radiographic procedure designed to study the large intestine

A

barium enema (lower GI series, colon)

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3
Q

Upper GI and small bowel series are frequently combined. This examination is termed as

A

small bowel follow through

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4
Q

main purpose are to study the form and function of the three components of the small bowel and to detect any abnormal conditions.

A

small bowel series

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5
Q

when is the time to start timing the small bowel procedure

A

when the patient has ingested a substantial amount (at least 8 oz) of contrast medium should be noted

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6
Q

T/F: presurgical patients and patients suspected to have a perforated hollow viscus (intestine or organ) should not receive barium sulfate

A

TRUE

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7
Q

what contrast media should be ingested by presurgical patients and patients suspected to have a perforated hollow viscus (intestine or organ)

A

Water-soluble, iodinated contrast media

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8
Q

T/F: barium sulfate by mouth is contraindicated in patients with a possible large bowel obstruction.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

inflammation of the intestine, primarily of the small intestine.

A

enteritis

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10
Q

may be caused by bacterial or protozoan organisms and other environmental factors.

A

enteritis

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11
Q

is a form of inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin, involving any part of the gastrointestinal tract but commonly involving the terminal ileum.

A

(segmental enteritis or Crohn’s disease)

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12
Q

This condition leads to scarring and thickening of the bowel wall. What appearance visible during a small bowel series

A

cobblestone

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13
Q

is a common infection of the lumen of the small intestine that is caused by the flagellate protozoan (Giardia lamblia).

A

Giardiasis

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14
Q

It is often spread by contaminated food and water. It can also be spread via person-to-person contact.

A

giardiasis

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15
Q

is an obstruction of the small intestine

A

ileus

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16
Q

is due to the cessation of peristalsis. Without these involuntary, wavelike contractions, the bowel is flaccid and is unable to propel its contents forward.

A

ADYNAMIC OR PARALYTI ILEUS

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17
Q

is a physical blockage of the bowel that may be caused by tumors, adhesions, or hernia.

A

MECHANICAL OBSTRUCTION

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18
Q

is evident on an erect or decubitus abdomen projection. This dilation produces the radiographic sign commonly called ______

A

staircase” or “herringbone” pattern

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19
Q

is a common birth defect caused by the persistence of the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle) resulting in a saclike outpouching of the intestinal wall.

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

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20
Q

outpouching in the ileum measures ____

A

10 to 12 cm in diameter and is usually 50 to 100 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve.

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21
Q

is a term that means “new growth.”

A

neoplasm

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22
Q

what are the common benign tumors of the small intestine

A

adenomas and leiomyomas

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23
Q

the most common tumors of the small bowel, have a benign appearance, although they have the potential to become malignant. These small lesions tend to grow submucosally and frequently are missed radiographically.

A

Carcinoid tumors

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24
Q

are malignant tumors of the small intestine

A

Lymphoma and adenocarcinoma

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25
Q

Lymphomas are demonstrated during a small bowel series as the ______

A

“stacked coin” sign

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26
Q

This sign is caused by thickening, coarsening, and possible hemorrhage of the mucosal wall

A

“stacked coin” sign

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27
Q

are conditions in which the gastrointestinal tract is unable to process and absorb certain nutrients.

A

sprue and malabsorption syndromes

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28
Q

is a form of sprue or malabsorption disease that affects the proximal small bowel, especially the proximal duodenum. It commonly involves the insoluble protein (gluten) found in cereal grains.

A

Celiac disease

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29
Q

is a rare disorder of the proximal small bowel whose cause is unknown. Symptoms include dilation of the intestine, edema, malabsorption, deposits of fat in the bowel wall, and mesenteric nodules.

A

Whipple’s disease

30
Q

is best diagnosed with a small bowel series, which shows distorted loops of small intestine.

A

Whipple’s disease

31
Q

four methods in small bowel procedure

A
  1. Upper GI–small bowel combination
  2. Small bowel–only series
  3. Enteroclysis
  4. Intubation method
32
Q

are performed only when
methods 1 and 2 are unsatisfactory or contraindicated

A

method 3 and 4

33
Q

UPPER GI—SMALL BOWEL COMBINATION
Routine

A
  • Routine upper GI first
  • Notation of time patient ingested first cup (8 oz) of barium
  • Ingestion of second cup of barium
  • 30-minute PA radiograph (centering high for proximal small bowel)
  • Half-hour interval radiographs, centered to iliac crest, until barium reaches large bowel (usually 2 hours)
  • 1-hour interval radiographs, if more time is needed after 2 hours
    Optional
  • Fluoroscopy and spot imaging of ileocecal valve and terminal ileum
    (compression cone may be used)
33
Q

UPPER GI—SMALL BOWEL COMBINATION
Routine

A
  • Routine upper GI first
  • Notation of time patient ingested first cup (8 oz) of barium
  • Ingestion of second cup of barium
  • 30-minute PA radiograph (centering high for proximal small bowel)
  • Half-hour interval radiographs, centered to iliac crest, until barium reaches large bowel (usually 2 hours)
  • 1-hour interval radiographs, if more time is needed after 2 hours
    Optional
  • Fluoroscopy and spot imaging of ileocecal valve and terminal ileum
    (compression cone may be used)
34
Q

SMALL BOWEL–ONLY SERIES

A

Routine
* Plain abdomen radiograph (scout)
* 2 cups (16 oz) of barium ingested (noting time)
* 15- to 30-minute radiograph (centered high for proximal small bowel)
* Half-hour interval radiographs (centered to crest) until barium reaches large bowel (usually 2 hours)
* 1-hour interval radiographs, if more time is needed (some routines including continuous half-hour intervals)

Optional
* Fluoroscopy with compression sometimes required

35
Q

ENTEROCLYSIS (DOUBLE-CONTRAST SMALL BOWEL SERIES)

A

Procedure
* Special catheter advanced to duodenojejunal junction
* Thin mixture of barium sulfate instilled
* Air or methylcellulose instilled
* Fluoroscopic spot images and conventional radiographs taken

Optional
* Patient may have CT scan of gastrointestinal tract
* On successful completion of examination, intubation tube removed

36
Q

PA, 15 or 30 minutes

A

centered approximately 2 inches
(5 cm) above iliac crest.

37
Q

PA, hourly

A

centered to iliac crest.

38
Q

position for PA small bowel series

A

Patient is prone (or supine if patient cannot lie in prone position) with a pillow for the head.

39
Q

Recommended Collimation (small bowel series)

A

Collimate on four sides to anatomy of interest.

40
Q

Respiration (small bowel series)

A

Suspend respiration and expose on expiration.

41
Q

Anatomy Demonstrated:

A

Entire small intestine is demonstrated on each radiograph, with the stomach included on the first 15-minute or 30-minute radiograph

42
Q

purpose is to demonstrate radiographically the form and function of the large intestine to detect any abnormal conditions

A

barium enema

43
Q

is an inflammatory condition of the large intestine that may be caused by many factors, including bacterial infection, diet, stress, and other environmental conditions

A

Colitis

44
Q

Because of chronic inflammation and spasm, the intestinal wall has a________ appearance.

A

“saw-tooth” or jagged appearance.

45
Q

is a severe form of colitis that is most common among young adults. It is a chronic condition that often leads to development of coin like ulcers within the mucosal wall.

A

Ulcerative colitis

46
Q

is an outpouching of the mucosal wall that may result from herniation of the inner wall of the colon.

A

diverticulum

47
Q

The condition of having numerous diverticula

A

diverticulosis

48
Q

diverticula become infected, the condition is ____

A

diverticulitis

49
Q

is a telescoping or invagination of one part of the intestine into another. It is most common in infants younger than 2 years of age but can occur in adults.

A

Intussusception

50
Q

Radiographically, progression of
the barium through the colon terminates at a ______ dilation.

A

“mushroom-shaped” dilation.

51
Q

leading cause of death among both men and women

A

carcinoma of the large intestine

52
Q

are common in the large intestine

A

Neoplasms

53
Q

(neoplasm) The radiographic appearance of these tumors, as demonstrated during a barium enema, has led to the use of descriptive terms such as _______ lesions.

A

“apple-core” or “napkin-ring” lesions.

54
Q

one of the most typical forms of colon cancer, may form an “apple-core” or “napkin-ring” appearance as the tumor grows and infiltrates the bowel walls. It frequently results in large bowel obstruction.

A

Annular carcinoma (adenocarcinoma),

55
Q

are saclike projections similar to diverticula except that they project inward into the lumen rather than outward, as do diverticula.

A

Polyps

56
Q

is a twisting of a portion of the intestine on its own mesentery, leading to a mechanical type of obstruction

A

Volvulus

57
Q

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO LAXATI VES (CATHARTICS)

A

(1) gross bleeding, (2) severe diarrhea, (3) obstruction, and (4) inflammatory conditions such as appendicitis.

58
Q

Two different classes of laxatives

A
  1. irritant laxatives, such as castor oil
  2. saline laxatives, such as magnesium citrate or magnesium sulfate.
59
Q

Two different classes of laxatives

A
  1. irritant laxatives, such as castor oil
  2. saline laxatives, such as magnesium citrate or magnesium sulfate.
60
Q

A closed-system enema container is used to administer barium sulfate or an air and barium sulfate combination during the barium enema.

A

Barium Enema Containers

61
Q

three most common enema tips

A

(A) plastic disposable, (B) rectal retention, and (C) air-contrast retention enema tips.

62
Q

is the most common type of positive-contrast medium used for the barium enema.

A

Barium sulfate

63
Q

A standard mixture used for single-contrast barium enemas

A

between 15% and 25% weight-to-volume (w/v)

64
Q

A standard mixture used for thicker barium used for double-contrast

A

75% and 95% or greater.

65
Q

TYPES OF LOWER GI EXAMINATIONS (PROCEDURES )

A
  1. Single-contrast barium enema
  2. Double-contrast barium enema
  3. Evacuative proctography (defecogram)
66
Q

is a procedure in which only positive-contrast media are used. In most cases, the contrast material is barium sulfate in a thin mixture.

A

single-contrast barium enema procedure

67
Q

contrast media for single-contrast barium enema procedure

A

water-soluble contrast material

68
Q

are more effective in demonstrating polyps and diverticula than single-contrast studies.

A

DOUBLE-CONTRAST BARIUM ENEMA PROCEDURE

69
Q

must be introduced in DOUBLE-CONTRAST BARIUM ENEMA PROCEDURE

A

both air and barium

69
Q

must be introduced in DOUBLE-CONTRAST BARIUM ENEMA PROCEDURE

A

both air and barium

RT13CONTRAST (3 decks)

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