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VM745: CLINSCI I > Small Animal Parasitology > Flashcards

Small Animal Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What can a fecal flotation detect?

A

Oocysts, eggs, cysts

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2
Q

What can a wet mount detect?

A

Trophozoites
Giardia (small bowel, dogs and cats)
Tritrichomonas foetus (large bowel, kittens)

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3
Q

What can a rectal cytology detect?

A

Neutrophils or eosinophils
Spore forming rods
Spirochetes

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3
Q

What are considered “vomiting worms”?

A

Physaloptera (dogs and cats)
Ollulanus tricuspis (cats)
Eggs rarely shed in feces

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4
Q

Puppy from humane society
Small bowel diarrhea
No vomiting
9x11 um cysts
What parasite?

A

Giardia

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5
Q

What are the different tests for Giardia?

A

Wet mount (all diarrhea cases)
Fecal float (all cases)
Giardia antigen assays (increased sensitivity)
Giardia/cryptosporidium IFA (preferred, research gold standard)
Giardia PCR (only for genotyping)

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6
Q

What is the recommended drug treatment for giardia?

A

Febantel (or fenbendazole)

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7
Q

What is the recommended non-drug treatment for giardia?

A

High fiber diet (decreases trophozoite adherence, promotes normalizing bacterial overgrowth)
Probiotics may inhibit replication

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8
Q

How is giardiasis controlled?

A

Decontaminate environment
Treat affected animals
Bathing to lessen cyst contamination
Prevent reintroduction

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9
Q

Should patients positive for giardia but with normal stool be treated?

A

No

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10
Q

What follow-up testing is recommended for giardia?

A

Should be done 24-48hrs after completion of therapy
Perform fecal floar with centrifugation primarily for detection of cysts in solid or semisolid stools
ELISA tests may remain positive after tx so should not be used

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11
Q

Why should you complete Giardia workup after failure to treat?

A

Often co-infections (crypto, tritrich)
Often other GI diseases (IBD, EPI)

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12
Q

Cat from cattery
Bloody mucous diarrhea
5 weeks duration
Multiple therapeutic trials fail
What parasite?

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

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13
Q

Does tritrichomonas cause large or small bowel diarrhea? Giardia?

A

Tritrich = large
Giardia = small

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14
Q

When is tritrich disease most severe? What duration is the diarrhea?

A

C. parvum co-infection
9 months

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15
Q

What is the protocol for tritrichomonas testing?

A

No cysts
Combination: cytology, culture, PCR
If no organism on fresh feces wet mount, go to PCR - but a positive test result does not prove illness

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16
Q

What is the treatment for tritrichomonas?

A

Ronidazole
Careful, crosses BBB
Pradofloxacin is promising

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17
Q

How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed?

A

Flotation
Staining
FA staining
PCR (most sensitive, genotyping only)

18
Q

What is the treatment for cryptosporidiosis?

A

No drug eliminates
Goals: resolve diarrhea, lessen oocyst shedding
Tylosin, Azithromycin
Most dual infection cases need up to 21 days of therapy

19
Q

12 wk old feline
Small bowel diarrhea with some blood
What parasite?

A

Isospora
Diarrhea usually only in kittens, not adults

20
Q

What is the recommended treatment for isospora?

A

Ponazuril (cidal)
Clindamycin, trimethoprim sulfa, sulfadimethoxine

21
Q

What 2 parasites have mainly systemic infections, not diarrhea?

A

Toxoplasma gondii
Neospora caninum

22
Q

Rice grains on butt
What parasite?

A

Taenia = hunter
Dipylidium caninum = fleas
Echinococcus = hunter

23
Q

What is the treatment of choice for tapeworms and flukes?

A

Praziquantel
(+ flea prevention)

24
Q

What is the treatment of choice for cestodes?

A

Epsiprantel
Praziquantel

25
Q

5yr old dsh
Small bowel diarrhea, fever
Found with bird
Most likely parasite?

A

Salmonella
Rabbit = tularemia
Rodent = toxoplasma, plague

26
Q

Clinical signs associated with campylobacter

A

Poultry exposure, crowded environments
Kittens
Mized bowel diarrhea

27
Q

Tx for campylobacter

A

Probiotic + diet trial
Tylosin or quinolone if probiotic fails

28
Q

Clinical signs of salmonella

A

Mixed bowel diarrhea
Fever, neutropenia or neutrophilia
Raw protein, poultry exposure
Crowded cat environments
Songbirds

29
Q

Salmonella tx

A

Diarrhea only = probiotics, diet
Antibiotics only if bacteremia (ampicillin IV +/- quinolones)

30
Q

What is the treatment for boxer colitis?

A

Enrofloxacin for 6-8wks minimum

31
Q

What bacteria has spore forming rods on fecal?

A

Clostridium

32
Q

Does proof of clostridium confirm cause of diarrhea?

A

No

33
Q

Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome in the dog

A

Clostridium perfringens
Elevated PCV
Acute onset lg bowel
Stressful situation
Exclude hypoadrenocorticism with a screening cortisol

34
Q

Tx for clostridium perfringens?

A

High fiber diet or probiotic trial
Abx only after diet fails or the animal is septic (tylosin, amoxicillin, metro)

35
Q

Parvovirus evolved from what?

A

Feline panleukopenia virus

36
Q

Clinical findings of parvoviral infections

A

Vomiting +/- diarrhea (often bloody)
Fever, neutropenia

37
Q

How is parvovirus diagnosed?

A

Clinical and lab findings
Fecal antigen test
Fecal PCR panels
Can use canine ag tests with cat feces

38
Q

What is the potential parvo PCR problem?

A

Modified live vaccines
Transient shedding in feces
Fecal PCR = may be positive for a few days, leads to misdiagnosis

39
Q

Parvo tx in-patient

A

IV fluids
Cefoxitin (2nd gen cephalosporin)
Maropitant
NG tube
Highly digestible, bland food

40
Q

What are alternate abx choices for parvovirus?

A

Enroflox + Ampicillin or Metro

41
Q

Parvo tx out-patient

A

SQ fluids by owner
Maropitant
Cefovecin
Oral support ASAP

42
Q

Should I discharge my canine and feline parvovirus cases with oral antibiotics?

A

No

VM745: CLINSCI I (13 decks)

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