Small Animal Neck, Thorax and Thoracic Viscera

Question 1

junction between the costal pleura and the diaphragmatic pleura

Answer 1

Diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection

Question 2

a fold of the right mediastinal pleura that envelops the caudal vena cava and right phrenic nerve

Answer 2

Plica venae cavae

Question 3

potential region of herniation located dorsally between the crura and the vertebrae

Answer 3

Lumbocostal arch

Question 4

Where is the aortic hiatus located and what passes through it?

Answer 4

between the two crura and the lumbar vertebrae

passage of the aorta, azygous vein, and thoracic duct

Question 5

Where is the esophageal hiatus located, and what passes through it?

Answer 5

opening in the right muscular crus

transmits the esophagus and dorsal and ventral vagal trunks

Question 6

Where is the caval foramen located, and what passes through it?

-why is it unique?

Answer 6

lies within the central tendon and to the right of the median plane

transmits the caudal vena cava

unique opening because the adventitia of the vessel fuses with tendon

Question 7

at the junction where the costal pleura reflects onto the surface of the diaphragm, this “pocket” or fold is generated

Answer 7

Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 8

spans the lumbocostal arch

Answer 8

Lumbodiaphragmatic recess

Question 9

the underlying connective tissue “glue” that attaches the pleura to the thoracic walls

Answer 9

endothoracic fascia

Question 10

located at/near the thoracic inlet where the pleura reflects from the costal wall to the cranial mediastinum

Answer 10

Pleural cupula

Question 11

The continuation of the fibrous pericardium to the diaphragm forms the __________________ in the dog and cat, and the ____________ in the horse and ox.

Answer 11

phrenicopericardial ligament

sternopericardial ligament

Question 12

Which two nerves supply somatic innervaton to the larynx and the diaphragm?

Answer 12

left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

right and left phrenic nerves

Question 13

The trachea is comprised of incomplete cartilaginous rings that are connected by _____________. The ____________ completes the ring dorsally

Answer 13

tracheal ligaments

trachealis muscle

Question 14

the partition between the left and right principal bronchi at their origin from the trachea

Answer 14

carina

Question 15

Hierarchical branches of the conducting portion of the respiratory system from the trachea

Answer 15

Principal bronchi

Lobar bronchi

Segmental bronchi

Bronchioles

Question 16

Functional and nutritional blood supply to the lungs

Answer 16

Functional – pulmonary arteries and veins

Nutritional – bronchoesophageal artery and azygous vein

Question 17

All species, except the ________, have deep fissures separating the various lobes of the lungs (external lobations).

Answer 17

Horse

Question 18

Due to _______________ (connective tissue) separating individual lobules collateral ventilation (movement of air between the lobules) is poor in ________ and ______ and these species are more susceptible to interstitial emphysema than other species.

Answer 18

thick interlobular septa

cattle and pigs

Question 19

Azygos vein in the dog, horse, pig and ruminant

Answer 19

dog and horse - only a right azygos vein

pig - only a left azygos vein

ruminant- both left and right azygos veins

Question 20

Afferent neuron cell bodies (somatic and visceral) are located within

Answer 20

dorsal root ganglia

Question 21

Visceral efferent neuron cell bodies are located within the ____________ (thoracic and lumbar regions) of the spinal cord and within the __________ (dorsal aspect) of the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Answer 21

lateral horn

ventral horn

Question 22

Prevertebral ganglia

Answer 22

celiac, cranial mesenteric, and caudal mesenteric ganglia

Question 23

Pre-ganglionic fibers (axons) extending from pre-synaptic sympathetic cell bodies are always delivered to the ____________ of ganglia via the ______________

Answer 23

paravertebral chain

rami communicantes

Question 24

Connection between the cervicothoracic ganglion and the middle cervical ganglion that surrounds the left subclavian

Answer 24

ansa subclavian

Question 25

Right cardiac notch is between which lobes of the lung?

Answer 25

cranial and middle

Question 26

Branches of the subclavian artery (proximal to distal) and what they supply

Answer 26

Vertebral a. - brain

Costocervical trunk - cranial intercostal spaces and neck muscles

superficial cervical - base of neck and scapular region

Internal thoracic - ventral intercostal aa, musculophrenic, cranial epigastric