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465 - Applied Nutrition > Small Animal > Flashcards

Small Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary characteristics of conventional pet foods?

A

Total mixed rations that supply all nutrients except water

Includes energy, fat, carbohydrates, protein, essential fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins.

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2
Q

What does AAFCO stand for?

A

Association of American Feed Control Officials

AAFCO establishes standards for pet food labeling and nutritional adequacy.

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3
Q

What is meant by ‘complete and balanced’ in pet food?

A

Provides all nutrients in proportion to energy

Assume that all nutrient requirements are met when caloric needs are fulfilled.

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4
Q

List the three potential energy sources in pet food and their concentrations.

A
  • Carbohydrate (3.5 kcal/g)
  • Protein (3.5 kcal/g)
  • Fat (8.5 kcal/g)

Caloric density influences food intake.

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5
Q

What is the minimum protein requirement for canines on a dry matter basis?

A

22%

Varies with life stage, activity, and protein quality.

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6
Q

What is the minimum protein requirement for felines on a dry matter basis?

A

30%

Essential amino acids must be consumed in the diet.

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7
Q

What role does fat play in pet food?

A

Concentrated energy source and improves palatability. Also provides essential fatty acids.

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8
Q

What are the two major considerations for minerals in pet food?

A
  • Meeting absolute requirement
  • Maintaining proper ratios (e.g., Ca:P)

Nutrient interactions are important, such as excess calcium decreasing zinc absorption.

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9
Q

What types of vitamins are found in pet food premixes?

A
  • Fat soluble (A, D, E, K)
  • Water soluble (B vitamins)

Vitamin C has no definitive requirement.

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10
Q

What are food additives used for in pet food?

A
  • Color
  • Flavor
  • Texture
  • Stability
  • Resistance to spoilage

Includes antioxidants, antimicrobial preservatives, and humectants.

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11
Q

What is a characteristic of dry pet foods?

A

Usually expanded, with 90% dry matter. Calories are low “as fed” due to air which can be bulk limiting.

Historically contained more vegetable protein and lower fat than canned.

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12
Q

What is a characteristic of canned pet foods?

A

High water content that dilutes calories and nutrients.

Typically contains increased animal source protein and fat but lower carbohydrate content compared to dry.

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13
Q

Essential fatty acids must be …

A

consumed in the diet.

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14
Q

Which viamins can be destroyed by heat during processing?

A

A and B vitamins

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15
Q

What is the caloric distribution in maintenance type dry dog food?

A
  • 25% protein calories
  • 20% fat calories
  • 55% carbohydrate calories

This distribution can vary by formulation.

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16
Q

What is the typical caloric distribution in canned canine products?

A
  • 40% protein calories
  • 50% fat calories
  • 10 to 15% carbohydrate calories

Canned foods are higher in energy on a dry matter basis due to fat content.

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17
Q

What is the Pet Food Industry characterized by?

A

A huge and constantly growing industry with retail sales in billions of dollars per year

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18
Q

Which agencies regulate the pet food industry in the United States?

A
  • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
  • National Research Council (NRC)
  • Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
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19
Q

What is the role of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)?

A

Sets guidelines for uniform labeling and nutritional adequacy

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20
Q

Is AAFCO compliance mandatory for pet food manufacturers?

A

No, AAFCO compliance is voluntary

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21
Q

Which states do not follow AAFCO guidelines as the basis for regulations?

A

Nevada and Alaska

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22
Q

What does an AAFCO-compliant pet food label need to include?

A
  • Product name
  • Net weight
  • Name and address of manufacturer
  • Guaranteed analysis - Crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and moisture
  • Ingredients in descending order by weight
  • Words ‘dog’ or ‘cat’ food
  • Caloric content per common unit of measure
  • Statement of nutritional adequacy or purpose
  • Directions for feeding
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23
Q

What information is not available from a pet food label?

A
  • Overall digestibility
  • Biologic value of protein
  • Quality of product
  • Contamination
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24
Q

What are the two primary methods for substantiating nutritional adequacy in pet food?

A
  • Computer analysis to meet AAFCO profiles
  • Standardized AAFCO feeding trials
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25
Q

What does computer analysis in pet food formulation involve?

A
  • Estimating concentrations of required nutrients
  • Identifying serious formulation errors
  • Assuming ingredients have the same nutrient profile as a database
  • Nutrient content confirmed by chemical analysis
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26
Q

What are some factors that feeding trials can indirectly provide information about?

A
  • Palatability
  • Nutrient digestibility and availability
  • Nutrient interactions
  • Toxins and contaminants
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27
Q

What is the ‘family product’ rule in pet food labeling?

A

Allows manufacturers to claim a product has passed AAFCO trials when it has not, if ingredients are similar to the parent food

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28
Q

What does the term ‘intermittent or supplemental feeding only’ indicate on pet food labels?

A

The product is either not complete and balanced or not tested

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29
Q

True or False: All commercial pet food products are complete and balanced.

A

False

Read the label!!! Some canned products and many treats are not complete and balanced.

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30
Q

What is the most reliable and objective assessment of pet food quality?

A

AAFCO feeding trials

AAFCO stands for the Association of American Feed Control Officials, which establishes standards for pet food labeling and nutrient requirements.

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31
Q

What should an animal consuming an acceptable diet maintain?

A

Body weight and condition

Additionally, the animal should have good coat quality and normal stool.

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32
Q

What should you prefer when selecting pet food manufacturers?

A

Established, reputable manufacturers

It is advisable to avoid generics and private label brands.

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33
Q

In assessing pet food quality, what should be high on the ingredient list for cats?

A

Animal protein

Animal protein should be one of the first two ingredients.

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34
Q

What is the minimum acceptable diet digestibility for pet food?

A

75% or more

Digestibility indicates how well the nutrients in the food can be absorbed by the animal.

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35
Q

What are some concerns associated with grain-free foods?

A

Food hypersensitivity or allergy

Concerns may also arise due to a response to the 2007 recall involving contaminated wheat gluten.

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36
Q

What is a potential consequence of high energy density in grain-free foods?

A

Predisposition to obesity

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37
Q

What amino acids are first limiting in corn for dogs?

A

Lysine, methionine, and tryptophan

These can be easily offset with legume protein such as soy.

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38
Q

True or False: Wheat has an unusually high protein content.

A

True

Wheat protein content can be up to 18%, mostly gluten.

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39
Q

What is one of the three common causes of food hypersensitivity in dogs?

A

Wheat

Wheat hypersensitivity is generally secondary to gluten.

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40
Q

What recent health issue has been reported in dogs eating grain-free diets?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

This has been associated with diets containing boutique or exotic ingredients.

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41
Q

What should be assessed to determine the quality of grain-free foods?

A

Use the same criteria as any other type of pet food

This includes being complete and balanced, passing AAFCO feeding trials, and ensuring acceptable body weight and condition.

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42
Q

Common ingredients linked to dilated cardiomyopathy include…

A

peas, lentils, other pulses, potatoes.

These ingredients are common in grain-free diets.

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43
Q

What is the intended purpose of raw diets for pets?

A

To mimic the diet of wild animals

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44
Q

What are the two commercially available forms of raw pet foods?

A
  1. Total mixed rations
  2. Combination rations

Total mixed rations are fed as the sole source of nutrition, while combination rations involve a supplement mix with raw meat.

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45
Q

What is the claim made about raw pet foods?

A

Marketed as evolutionarily appropriate diet

This claim has been challenged by recent genomic research comparing wolves and dogs.

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46
Q

How many genomic regions were identified as targets for selection during canine domestication?

A

36 genomic regions, 10 specifically involved in fat and starch metabolism

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47
Q

What adaptation has been noted in dogs that impacts the use of raw diets?

A

Increased ability to digest starch

This adaptation is due to selection pressure during domestication. “Human” diets are higher in starch.

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48
Q

List some disadvantages of raw pet foods.

A
  • Gastrointestinal foreign bodies and perforation
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Sepsis
  • Iatrogenic hyperthyroidism
  • Risk of nutritional imbalance
  • Bacterial/parasitic contamination

These risks can lead to significant health issues in pets.

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49
Q

What are some potential risks associated with home-cooked raw diets?

A

Nutritional imbalance, deficiencies, and excesses

AAFCO guidelines were developed using conventional foods, making it challenging to ensure balance in raw diets.

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50
Q

What types of bacterial contamination are documented in raw pet foods?

A
  • Salmonella
  • E. coli
  • Listeria
  • Staphylococcus
  • Toxoplasmosis

The true risk of these pathogens in pets and their owners is poorly defined.

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51
Q

What is considered the gold standard for assessing pet food quality?

A

AAFCO feeding trials

These trials are critical for determining the safety and nutritional adequacy of pet foods.

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52
Q

What factors should be monitored to assess a pet’s health on a raw diet?

A
  • Optimal body weight and condition
  • Good coat quality
  • Normal stool consistency

These indicators can help evaluate the effectiveness of the diet.

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53
Q

What precautions should be taken to reduce the risk of food-borne infections?

A
  • Promote safe handling of raw foods
  • Avoid feeding pets in the kitchen
  • Avoid poultry-based products
  • Avoid raw foods in pets on immunosuppressive drugs
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54
Q

True or False: Raw pet foods are guaranteed to provide a complete and balanced diet.

A

False

While it is theoretically possible, many raw diets may lack essential nutrients.

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55
Q

What concentration are essential fatty acids required at?

A

Essential fatty acids required at ~ 2% DM.

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56
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A
  • Linoleic acid
  • Linolenic acid
  • Arachidonic acid (cats only)
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57
Q

Why are vitamins added in excess?

A

They may be lost during processing and storage.

Foods should be analyzed after processing to ensure adequate concentrations.

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58
Q

What process reduces vitamin E concentration?

A

Lipid peroxidation consumes vitamin E.

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59
Q

What can be done to normalize cardiac function in cases of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Switch to more conventional diet containing chicken, beef, corn, rice, wheat (may help).

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60
Q

What does MER stand for? What does it account for?

A

Maintenance Energy Requirement

MER meets the needs for
* Basal metabolic rate
* Maintenance of normal body temperature
* Recovery from activity
* Food digestion.

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61
Q

What is metabolizable energy (ME)?

A

Gross energy in food less energy lost in feces and urine

ME represents the energy available to the animal after accounting for losses.

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62
Q

What are the key components to consider when assessing nutrient requirements for adult dogs?

A
  • Equations and tables provide estimates only
  • Monitoring patient response is important
  • Adjust intake based on weight changes

Initial food intake should be a starting point based on the tables and equations and adjusted as needed.

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63
Q

How often should adult dogs be fed?

A

Once or twice a day

Meal feeding is considered most appropriate for adult dogs.

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64
Q

What is the recommended maximum percentage of caloric intake that treats should constitute for adult dogs?

A

10%

Treats should not exceed 10% of the total caloric intake to avoid nutritional imbalances since they are not complete and balanced.

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65
Q

True or False: Vitamin and mineral supplements are necessary for adult dogs.

A

False

Supplements are generally discouraged if the diet is already complete and balanced.

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66
Q

What is a disadvantage of canned foods for dogs?

A

Associated with dental disease

Some small dogs may prefer canned food.

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67
Q

Fill in the blank: The initial food intake for dogs should be based on _______.

A

[equations and tables providing rough estimates]

These estimates serve as starting points for dietary recommendations.

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68
Q

What should be done if a dog is losing weight on a certain diet?

A

Increase food intake

Monitoring the dog’s response is crucial for adjusting dietary needs.

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69
Q

When should food intake be decreased?

A

If the animal is obese or gaining weight.

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70
Q

What is most important when choosing canned vs dry food?

A

Owner and pet preference, either will meet nutritional requirements.

Dry foods less costly and more convenient for most owners.

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71
Q

What happens to the energy requirements of geriatric dogs?

A

Energy requirements usually decreased

Factors affecting this include neuter status, decreased activity, and decreased muscle mass.

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72
Q

What age is considered a geriatric dog?

A

Over 7 years old.

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73
Q

What percentage more protein do geriatric dogs require to maintain muscle mass compared to young dogs?

A

50% more protein

This is crucial for maintaining muscle mass in older dogs.

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74
Q

Are restricted protein diets (such as kindey diets) always appropriate for geriatric dogs?

A

No, restricted protein diets are not always appropriate due to increased protein requirements - case varies by individual

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75
Q

What types of fiber may be added to the diets of geriatric dogs?

A

Soluble and/or insoluble fiber

These are beneficial for managing intestinal disorders, diabetes, and obesity.

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76
Q

Which antioxidants are mentioned as potentially beneficial for geriatric dogs?

A

Vitamins A or E, and Selenium (Se)

These may affect immune response, carcinogenesis, and CNS function.

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77
Q

What supplements are suggested for the management of degenerative joint disease in geriatric dogs?

A

Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate - but have limited evidence!

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78
Q

What is the primary recommendation for feeding geriatric dogs?

A

Complete and balanced commercial diet

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79
Q

Is there a single ration that is appropriate for all aged dogs?

A

Nope, no single ration is appropriate for all aged dogs

Nutritional needs can vary significantly among individual dogs and over lifespan.

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80
Q

What should be monitored to ensure appropriate energy intake in geriatric dogs?

A

Body weight and body condition

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81
Q

Should protein intake be automatically restricted for geriatric dogs?

A

No, do not automatically restrict protein intake

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82
Q

Name two common geriatric conditions that may affect food intake in dogs.

A

Dental disease and osteoarthritis

.

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83
Q

What is the current status of clinical studies on senior diets for dogs?

A

More clinical studies are needed to confirm the benefit of senior diets

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84
Q

Fill in the blank: Geriatric dogs require _______ protein to maintain muscle mass than young dogs.

A

50% more

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85
Q

What type of feeders are cats classified as?

A

Obligate carnivores

This means cats have specific nutritional requirements that must be met through animal-based sources.

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86
Q

What is the protein requirement of adult cats as a percentage of their caloric intake?

A

30% of calories

Cats have a high protein requirement.

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87
Q

What are the absolute requirements for adult cats?

A
  • Taurine
  • Arginine
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88
Q

What fatty acid can cats not synthesize and must obtain from animal sources?

A

Arachidonic acid

Require animal source fats to meet this requirement.

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89
Q

What conversions can cats not complete?

A

Cannot convert carotene to vitamin A (retinol)
Cannot convert tryptophan to niacin

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90
Q

Cats have a decreased capacity to synthesize…

A

Vitamin D, they cannot use sunlight

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91
Q

What is the estimated daily energy requirement for adult cats?

A

50 to 80 kcal ME/kg/d

Energy requirements for cats are poorly defined and varies with activity level.

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92
Q

What feeding methods are acceptable for adult cats?

A
  • Meal feeding
  • Ad libitum feeding

Owners should consider their cat’s preferences and their own schedule.

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93
Q

True or False: Obese cats do better with meal feeding.

A

True

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94
Q

What is the consensus on using vitamin or mineral supplements for adult cats?

A

Do not use

A balanced diet typically meets all nutritional needs.

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95
Q

How do the energy requirements of geriatric cats change with age?

A

Less clear than dogs; likely decreased needs

However, protein needs may remain unchanged or increase.

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96
Q

What is the fiber intake requirement in geriatric cats?

A

Optimal fiber intake is controversial

The amount and type (insoluble vs. soluble) are debated.

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97
Q

What are the protein requirements for geriatric cats?

A

Unchanged or increased

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98
Q

What is the recommendation regarding protein intake in geriatric cats?

A

Do not automatically restrict protein intake

Protein is essential for maintaining muscle mass and overall health.

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99
Q

What type of diet is recommended for geriatric cats?

A

Good quality, complete, and balanced diet

This helps address their unique nutritional needs.

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100
Q

What type of ration should be provided to pets?

A

Complete and balanced commercial ration

Ensure the ration is identified by brand name, flavor, and form (dry, canned, or semi-moist).

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101
Q

What should be included in feeding instructions for pets?

A

Clear and specific written instructions
- Brand name, flavour and form
- Exact amount to be fed
- Update the medical record

Provide several choices (consider cost and availabilty)

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102
Q

What are the primary nutrients of concern for puppies and kittens?

A
  • Energy
  • Protein
  • Calcium/Phosphorus
103
Q

Commercial puppy and kitten rations are formulated for…

A

supporting growth.

104
Q

How do the nutrient requirements of puppies and kittens compare to adults (generally)?

A

Nutrient requirements are increased to support growth.

105
Q

How much of their mature weight do healthy puppies reach by 5 to 6 months?

A

50 to 60% of mature weight

Very significant size change, healthy puppies grow extremely quickly.

106
Q

What characteristics should the ideal diet for growing puppies have?

A
  • Energy and protein dense
  • Easily digestible
  • Complete and balanced

Calcium and phosphorus are particularly important during growth.

107
Q

When are the protein requirements highest for puppies?

A

First 4 weeks, decreases during weaning.

108
Q

How do energy requirements for puppies in the first 4 weeks compare to adults?

A

Puppies require 130-100 kcal/kg/day, while adults require 65 kcal/kg/day

Energy requirements are higher for puppies than for adult dogs.

109
Q

How frequently are puppies fed in the first 4 weeks?

A

6 times a day to 4 times a day

Feeding frequency decreases with weaning and into adulthood.

110
Q

What feeding recommendations are made for puppies?

A
  • Recommend puppy rations from reputable manufacturers
  • Dry foods can be more convenient and cost effective (canned foods can be beneficial for small breeds or problem eaters)
  • Calculate energy requirements and provide in the appropriate number of feedings
  • Monitor growth rate and adjust accordingly
  • NEVER use vitamin or mineral supplements with puppy rations

Monitor growth rate and body condition score carefully.

111
Q

Why are multiple feedings important for puppies?

A

Allows proper nutrient processing.

112
Q

What risks are associated with overfeeding growing puppies?

A
  • Increased likelihood of obesity in adulthood (if puppy is obese)
  • Potential skeletal diseases associated with overnutrition (hip dysplasia, metaphyseal osteopathy, osteochondrosis)

Ad libitum feeding is not recommended.

113
Q

What is the recommended protein content for puppy diets?

A

25 to 30% on a dry matter basis

This is slightly higher than adult maintenance requirements.

114
Q

What should be avoided in the diet of large breed puppies?

A

Excessive energy intake

It promotes growth that is too fast and can lead to health issues.

115
Q

True or False: Vitamin or mineral supplements should be used with puppy rations.

A

False

NEVER use in puppies - can cause growth to be too fast or other issues.

116
Q

What is the ideal Ca/P intake for puppies (large breed)?

What is the disadvantage to not aligning to these requirements?

A

Moderate Ca/P intake - less than regular puppy food.

High Ca intake associated with bone pathology, hypertrophic osteodystrophy, poor conformation.

117
Q

What are the protein and energy requirements of kittens during their growth phase?

A

Very high

Kittens experience rapid growth, necessitating increased protein and energy intake.

118
Q

What type of diet is ideal for kittens?

A

Energy and protein dense, highly digestible

119
Q

Which essential nutrient is critical for normal growth in kittens?

A

Taurine

120
Q

What minerals must be adequately balanced in a kitten’s diet?

A

Calcium and phosphorus

121
Q

How long should kittens be fed commercial kitten food?

A

For 6 months

122
Q

What type of food do most nutritionists prefer for kittens?

A

Dry products

Dry foods often provide better dental health and convenience.

123
Q

What feeding method ensures adequate intake for young kittens?

A

Ad libitum feeding

Kittens less likely to overeat.

124
Q

Are kittens more or less likely to overeat compared to puppies?

A

Less likely

125
Q

At what age should adult maintenance rations be introduced to kittens?

A

At 6 months old

By this time, most kittens reach about 75% of their adult size.

126
Q

Fill in the blank: Kittens are most likely to be _______ of their adult size by 6 months.

A

75%

This indicates their growth progression towards adulthood.

127
Q

What are the protein and energy requirements for neonatal puppies and kittens?

A

Extremely high

Neonates require a significant amount of protein and energy for growth.

128
Q

How much can the weight of orphan puppies and kittens double within?

A

8 to 12 days

129
Q

What is often limiting in some neonates?

A

Protein

Ensuring adequate protein intake is essential for growth.

130
Q

What should be provided if possible to orphan puppies and kittens?

A

Colostrum

Colostrum is vital for immunity in neonates.

131
Q

What percentage of immunity is derived from colostrum?

A

80 to 90%

132
Q

What are the commercial milk replacers available for puppies and kittens?

A

Esbilac (puppies), KMR (kittens)

These replacers are specifically formulated for orphan neonates.

133
Q

What type of food is best for orphaned puppies and kittens?

A

Commercial milk replacers - better than cow/goat milk or homemade recipes.

They are more convenient and nutritionally balanced.

134
Q

Rank the energy content of milk from highest to lowest: Cow, bitch, queen, goat.

A

Bitch > queen > goat > cow

Energy needs vary based on the source of milk.

135
Q

How often should orphan puppies and kittens be fed?

A

At least every 4 hours (with warmed formula)

Frequent feeding is necessary to meet their energy needs.

136
Q

What should be done to bottle-fed neonates daily?

A

Weigh them

137
Q

What is important to ensure when feeding orphan puppies and kittens?

A

That energy and protein needs are met

138
Q

When might a stomach tube be used for orphaned puppies/kittens?

A

If there is a poor suckling reflex

139
Q

At what age should high-quality commercial puppy or kitten food be introduced?

A

As early as 2 weeks

Can mix canned food and formula or blend kibble and add to milk replacement.

140
Q

When should formula and gruel be offered from flat dishes?

A

At 3 weeks

141
Q

What should be gradually increased in the diet of orphan puppies and kittens?

A

Proportion of solid food

Gradual transition helps with digestion.

142
Q

When should weaning occur for orphan puppies and kittens?

A

At 4 to 5 weeks

Proper weaning is essential for dietary transition.

143
Q

What is a nutritional assessment?

A

Systematic collection and integration of clinical information used to evaluate nutritional status

144
Q

What are the three primary components of a nutritional assessment?

A
  • Food and food related factors
  • Animal and animal related factors
  • Feeding management (owner)

All closely interrelated!

145
Q

What does the food related factors component include in nutritional assessments?

A

Diet history:
* Current diet (brand, flavor, form, quantity)
* Normal diet (may be different during illness)
* Treats, supplements, and medications

146
Q

What is the significance of the animal related factors in nutritional assessment?

A

Determines physiologic status and can help identify breed related nutritional problems

147
Q

What breed-related nutritional problems are mentioned?

A
  • Zinc responsive dermatosis of Arctic breeds
  • Gluten-sensitive enteropathy of Irish setters
  • Hepatic copper storage disease of Bedlington terriers
148
Q

What environmental factors can affect nutritional needs?

A
  • Environmental extremes
  • Activity level
  • Indoor vs. outdoor
149
Q

What owner related factors are considered in Nutritional Assessment?

A
  • Feeding method (meal or ad lib)
  • Frequency of feeding
  • Food preparation
  • Who feeds
  • Location of food and water bowls
  • Presence of other pets
  • Additional food sources
150
Q

What should be assessed regarding body weight during a physical examination?

A

Body weight should be recorded at every office visit using the same scale

151
Q

What is the Body Condition Score (BCS)?

A

A scoring system that assesses body composition (the proportion of fat to lean body mass)

152
Q

What does a BCS of 1 indicate?

A

Cachectic - no obvious body fat, prominent ribs

153
Q

What does a BCS of 5 indicate?

A

Optimal - ribs easily palpable but not visible

154
Q

What does a BCS of 9 indicate?

A

Obese - large deposits of subcutaneous and abdominal fat

155
Q

What are some common clinical signs of PEM?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Muscle wasting
  • Pallor
  • Chronic infections
  • Poor hair coat
156
Q

What are the clinical signs of taurine deficiency in cats?

A
  • Dilatative cardiomyopathy
  • Central retinal degeneration
157
Q

What are the signs of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Coagulopathy

158
Q

What are the signs of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in cats?

A

Brain stem necrosis = neurologic signs

159
Q

What does the body condition score reflect?

A

Body composition - proportion of fat to lean body mass (protein)

160
Q

What are the clinical signs of malnutrition?

A

Weight loss, muscle wasting, pallor, chronic infections, poor hair coat

Maintain a high index of suspicion as signs can be vague.

161
Q

What is the most common form of malnutrition?

A

Obesity

162
Q

What is protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) commonly associated with?

A

Critical illness

163
Q

What specific nutritional deficiencies are unusual in North American cats and dogs?

A

Specific deficiencies

Characteristic signs may indicate deficiencies.

164
Q

What are the consequences of taurine deficiency in cats?

A

Dilatative cardiomyopathy, central retinal degeneration

165
Q

What is a consequence of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Coagulopathy

166
Q

What are the signs of thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in cats?

A

Brain stem necrosis, neurologic signs

167
Q

What hematologic abnormalities are associated with protein-energy malnutrition?

A

Anemia and lymphopenia

168
Q

What specific nutrient deficiencies can cause anemia?

A
  • Iron - regenerative to microcytic, nonregenerative
  • Copper - microcytic, hypochromic
  • Folate - macrocytic, hypochromic
  • Vitamin B12 - megaloblastic
169
Q

What are the biochemical abnormalities associated with obesity?

A

Hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia

170
Q

What should be done if a sick animal has a condition that can be managed nutritionally?

A

Consider specialized or prescription diets

171
Q

When should assisted feeding be initiated in sick animals?

A

Early

172
Q

What must recommendations for feeding include?

A
  • Identify product by name
  • Specify exact amount and frequency
  • Provide written instructions

Recommendations must be precise!!

173
Q

What signs indicate dietary intolerance?

A
  • Inappetance
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
174
Q

How should food transitions be made?

A

Gradually (to avoid dietary intolerance)

175
Q

What should be reassessed in sick patients?

A

Body weight and condition score - adjust food intake as necessary

176
Q

How common is malnutrition in small animals?

A

Rare in healthy dogs and cats; obesity very common

Nutrient deficiencies occur in sick animals due to altered nutrient requirements, patterns of fuel utilization, and decreased food intake.

177
Q

Define Protein-Energy Malnutrition.

A

Deficiency of protein and calories

178
Q

What are some detrimental effects of protein-energy malnutrition?

A
  • Anemia
  • Hypoproteinemia
  • Delayed wound healing
  • Decreased immune function
  • GI, respiratory, cardiovascular compromise
  • Death
179
Q

How are healthy canids adapted to survive food deprivation?

A

Through two primary groups of adaptations: acute and long-term

Acute adaptations maintain blood glucose concentrations; long-term adaptations preserve lean body mass using fat-derived fuels.

180
Q

What is lean body mass primarily associated with?

A

Function

181
Q

What complicates the adaptations to starvation in disease conditions?

A

Disease compromises adaptations to starvation - the switch to fat derived fuels is blocked.

Complicated or stressed starvation occurs in situations like surgery, trauma, sepsis, and malignancy.

182
Q

What happens to the switch to fat-derived fuels during illness?

A

It is blocked

183
Q

Name hormones that change fuel utilization during illness.

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Cortisol
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
184
Q

What is the preferred fuel source during illness?

A

Glucose over fats

185
Q

What role do amino acids play during illness?

A
  • Required for protein synthesis
  • Support gluconeogenesis
186
Q

What occurs to adipose stores during illness?

A

They cannot meet energy or synthetic substrate needs

Glucose and amino acids are essential during this time.

187
Q

Can glucose be synthesized from fat?

A

No

188
Q

What happens to lean body mass during protein-energy malnutrition?

A

It is rapidly catabolized

189
Q

What functions decrease as a result of protein-energy malnutrition?

A
  • Cardiopulmonary function
  • GI function
  • Immune function
190
Q

What species is predisposed to protein-energy malnutrition?

A

Cats - rapid onset and causes life threatening conditions.

Cats conserve lean body mass less efficiently and have a high basal protein requirement.

191
Q

What metabolic activities are continuous in cats?

A
  • Continuous gluconeogenesis
  • Continuous hepatic transaminase activity
  • Continuous urea cycle activity
192
Q

What are some nonspecific symptoms of Protein-Energy Malnutrition?

A
  • Muscle wasting
  • Pallor
  • Poor coat quality
  • Hepato/splenomegaly
  • Chronic infection
  • Peripheral edema
  • Lymphadenopathy

Symptoms may not always indicate malnutrition; a high index of suspicion is needed.

193
Q

What is a key aspect of physical examination in assessing protein-energy malnutrition?

A

Body weight and condition score may be unchanged

This can complicate the diagnosis as visible signs may not be apparent.

194
Q

What laboratory tests are recommended for assessing Protein-Energy Malnutrition?

A
  • Complete blood count
  • Chemistry panel

These tests are relatively insensitive in detecting malnutrition.

195
Q

What are the complete blood count parameters indicative of malnutrition?

A
  • Normocytic/normochromic nonregenerative anemia
  • Lymphopenia
196
Q

What serum biochemistry parameter indicates muscle wasting in protein-energy malnutrition?

A

Decreased creatinine

Lower levels of creatinine can be a sign of reduced muscle mass.

197
Q

What is hypoalbuminemia?

A

A condition characterized by low levels of albumin in the serum

It is often associated with malnutrition and can indicate prolonged insufficient protein intake.

198
Q

What is the serum half-life of albumin in dogs?

A

Approximately 8 days

This indicates an extended period of significant malnutrition if albumin levels are low.

199
Q

What is a common condition during critical illness?

A

Protein-energy malnutrition is a common condition during critical illness with multiple detrimental effects.

It leads to increased morbidity and mortality.

200
Q

Why is nutritional support essential during critical illness?

A

It helps prevent or reverse protein-energy malnutrition and allows underlying disease to respond to therapy.

Nutritional support is crucial for recovery.

201
Q

What is the daily fluid requirement for patients?

A

Approximately 60 mL/kg.

202
Q

What additional fluid needs might some patients have?

A

Patients with vomiting, diarrhea, or renal dysfunction may have additional needs.

203
Q

How can fluid supply be provided?

A

Through voluntary intake, tube, or parenteral solution.

204
Q

What should be done before assisted feeding?

A

Correct dehydration

205
Q

What are the 5 steps of nutritional support initiation?

A

Step 1: determine fluid requirement
Step 2: determine energy requirement
Step 3: select calorie sources
Step 4: micronutrient requirements
Step 5: select route of administration

206
Q

What does RER stand for?

A

Resting Energy Requirement

207
Q

What is the purpose of the resting energy requirement?

A

Maintains basal metabolic rate, maintains body temperature in a thermoneutral environment, allows recovery from activity

208
Q

What is the equation for estimating RER for animals over 2 kg and under 45 kg?

A

RER = 30(BWkg) + 70

209
Q

What is the equation for estimating RER for all animals?

A

RER = 70(BWkg)3/4

210
Q

Why is adequate protein intake essential?

A

Replaces and protects lean body mass

211
Q

What is the optimal protein intake for dogs?

A

25 to 45% of calories

212
Q

What is the optimal protein intake for cats?

A

30 to 50% of calories

213
Q

What is a common characteristic of critical care diets?

A

Often high in fat

214
Q

What are the benefits of a high-fat diet in critical care?

A
  • Increased caloric density
  • Improved palatability
  • Usually well tolerated
215
Q

What is the optimal fat intake for dogs?

A

20 to 60% of calories

216
Q

What is the optimal fat intake for cats?

A

35 to 50% of calories

217
Q

Are carbohydrates required by dogs or cats?

A

No, carbohydrates are not required

218
Q

True or False: The maintenance requirement usually underestimates energy needs.

A

False, it overestimates

219
Q

What factors can alter micronutrient requirements?

A

Species and illness

Micronutrient requirements may vary with different species and can be influenced by the presence of illness.

220
Q

Which micronutrients are important in immune response?

A
  • Protein
  • Zinc
  • Iron
  • Vitamin A
  • Arginine

These micronutrients play a crucial role in supporting the immune system.

221
Q

What is the role of micronutrients in tissue synthesis and repair?

A
  • Protein
  • B vitamins
  • Glutamine

These nutrients are essential for the synthesis and repair of tissues.

222
Q

What is the best way to meet micronutrient requirements in critically ill veterinary patients?

A

By using commercial products that are complete and balanced

These products not only meet caloric requirements but also provide appropriate micronutrients.

223
Q

What are the three possible routes for nutritional support?

A
  • Voluntary intake
  • Enteral (tube) feeding
  • Parenteral (intravenous) feeding

The choice of route depends on the patient’s condition.

224
Q

What is the optimal route for nutritional support if nutrient requirements are met?

A

Voluntary intake

225
Q

What steps can be taken to maximize voluntary food intake?

A
  • Hand feed small, frequent meals
  • Offer highly palatable, aromatic foods
  • Warm food prior to serving
  • Use calorie/nutrient dense commercial rations
226
Q

What pharmacologic agents can stimulate appetite?

A
  • Antidepressants (mirtazapine, diazepam)
  • Cyproheptadine (Periactin)

These medications may help stimulate appetite but should be used with caution.

227
Q

What are the advantages of enteral feeding?

A
  • More physiologic
  • Prevents villous atrophy
  • Prevents bacterial translocation
  • Less complex
  • Fewer complications
  • Cheaper
228
Q

What are the disadvantages of enteral feeding?

A
  • Long periods of transition
  • Contraindicated if GI tract nonfunctional
229
Q

What are the types of feeding tubes?

A
  • Nasoesophageal
  • Pharyngostomy
  • Esophagostomy
  • Gastrostomy
  • Jejunostomy

Jejunostomy is surgically placed and can be passed through gastrostomy tube (weighted)

230
Q

What factors determine the choice of feeding tube?

A
  • anatomic site of gastrointestinal dysfunction
  • expected duration of nutritional support
  • patient conformation and concurrent diseases
  • type of ration intended to be fed
  • clinical status of patient
  • stability for general anesthesia
  • presence of coagulopathy
  • neurologic status

These factors help in selecting the most appropriate feeding tube for a patient.

231
Q

What are the types of tube feeding rations?

A
  • blenderized commercial pet foods
  • commercial paste-type formulations
  • commercial veterinary liquid formulations
232
Q

What is the initial protocol for enteral feeding?

A

Initial bolus feeding every 2 hours with small volume, dilute formula

The ultimate goal is to deliver nutritional requirements in 4 to 6 daily feedings.

233
Q

What is required for jejunostomy tubes?

A

Continuous rate infusion

Close initial supervision is necessary when using jejunostomy tubes.

234
Q

What are the advantages of parenteral feeding?

A
  • bypasses GI tract
  • allows complete bowel rest
  • decreased risk of aspiration
  • may not require anesthesia
  • decreased risk of bleeding
235
Q

What are the disadvantages of parenteral feeding?

A
  • villous atrophy
  • bacterial translocation
  • increased complications (sepsis, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia)
  • specialized equipment and products
  • increased level of care
  • more expensive
236
Q

What should be done before removing a feeding tube or catheter?

A
  • temporarily discontinue assisted feeding
  • measure patient food intake & compare to calculated requirements
  • gradual transition to highly digestible, low residue ration
  • small, frequent feedings
237
Q

What is the most common form of malnutrition in dogs and cats?

A

Obesity

Both dogs and cats are equally affected.

238
Q

What is the incidence rate of obesity in dogs and cats?

A

Between 10 and up to 50%

This indicates a significant prevalence of the condition.

239
Q

What are the primary causes of obesity in pets?

A

Consumption of excess calories and lack of exercise

These causes are similar to those in humans.

240
Q

Why are neutered animals more likely to be obese?

A

Decreased energy expenditure

Neutering can affect metabolism and activity levels.

241
Q

Which purebred dogs are predisposed to obesity?

A
  • Labrador Retriever
  • Sheltie
  • Beagle
242
Q

What canine behaviors can predispose dogs to obesity?

A
  • Engorgement
  • Competition

These behaviors can lead to overeating.

243
Q

What is a factor in the likelihood of pet obesity related to the owner?

A

Obesity of the owner

244
Q

List some established deleterious effects of obesity.

A
  • Musculoskeletal problems
  • Immunosuppression
  • Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance - proven link to diabetes in cats
  • Predisposition for hepatic lipidosis in cats
  • Difficulty in drug dosing
  • Increased risk during anesthesia and surgery
  • Increased risk of cancer
  • Significantly shorter life span in dogs
245
Q

How does the owner’s involvement complicate the management of obesity in pets?

A

Owners are directly responsible for the obesity of the animal

This includes behaviors such as overfeeding and lack of exercise.

246
Q

What are some behaviors that owners may exhibit regarding their pet’s obesity?

A
  • Ignorance of the problem
  • Refusal to accept the issue

Owners may not recognize the seriousness of their pet’s weight issue.

247
Q

What must owners be convinced of for weight loss to be successful in pets?

A

The benefits of weight loss

248
Q

True or False: Stress is documented as a health risk associated with obesity.

A

True

Stress can exacerbate health issues related to obesity.

249
Q

What is the essential approach to success in weight loss programs?

A

Team approach

250
Q

Who directs the weight loss program in a veterinary setting?

A

Veterinarian

251
Q

What role do technical staff and receptionists play in weight loss programs?

A

Important source of information and support

252
Q

What qualities should the support staff in weight loss programs possess?

A

Accessible, supportive, involved

253
Q

Who is responsible for implementing the weight loss program?

A

Owner

254
Q

What are the 6 steps to successful weight loss?

A
  1. thorough patient assessment
  2. determine energy intake for weight loss
  3. choose a weight loss ration
  4. institute the weight loss program
  5. monitor patient progress
  6. transition to maintenance diet

465 - Applied Nutrition (3 decks)

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