Small animal Flashcards
hands off clinical exam
sitting and standing - stifle issues
postive sit test - legs spread when sat
weight shifting
weight distribution
muscle asymmetry
joint conformation
loading of feet and toes
swellings
asymmetry in limb position
moving -
gait and lameness
walk and trot
prior to treatment
head nod
stride length and duration
symmetry
forelimb lameness
head raise on lame limb placement
head drop on sound limb placement
hindlimb lameness
pelvis raises on lame limb placement
pelvis drop on sound limb placement
weight shift to forelimbs
bilateral lameness
affected limbs wider apart
forelimbs - short choppy strides, circumduction
hindlimbs -
hip - waddling
stifles - stilted strides and circumduction
bunny hopping
orthopedic exam
painful areas last
minimal restraint
palpation (muscles, bones, joints) -
symmetry
atrophy
thickening
joint effusion
heat
pain
manipulation -
laxity and sub luxation or luxation
pain
range of motion
crepitus
paw pad, digits, interdigital webbing
carpus - flex
elbow - check for dysplasia and effusion
shoulder - biceps tendon test - medial instability (GA/sedation)
tarsus - laxity and luxations
tibia and fibula - check for osseous pain, focal swelling, abnormal conformation
stifle
hips - crepitus, pain, laxity - ortolani test (to see what angle hip luxates at)
stifle exam
synovial effusion - palpation either side of patellar ligament
cruciate ligament instability - fibrosis and thickening
cranial cruciate rupture - cranial drawer in flexion
caudal cruciate rupture - no cranial drawer
other cruciate tests - positive sit test, tibial compression test/tibial thrust
patella position - luxation - skipping intermittent lameness
patella luxation grading
1 - subclinical - patella can be moved but will return to normal on its own
2 - spontaneous luxation through normal range of motion
3 - permanent luxation but can be manually returned
4 - permanent luxation, can’t be manually returned
neurological exam
proprioception
reflexes
signs of pain
turning to look
moving away
withdrawal of limb
attempting to bite
cessation of panting
lip licking
fidgeting
dilated pupils
vocalisation
diagnostics for lameness in small animals
cranial drawer
tibial thrust
reflexes
withdrawal
ortolani test
biceps tendon test
imaging
imaging for lameness in small animals
to confirm diagnosis - not search
2 views of each joint and straightened and flexed views
change in alignment
change in contour/margin - soft tissue around joints, changes in articular surface, changes to contour of bone itself
change in location - luxation or subluxation
changes in opacity - calcification of soft tissue, deposition of new bone, gas from wound, destruction or resorption (osteoporosis, osteomyelitis, neoplasia)
increased or decreased bone mass
lesion distribution on xray
monostotic - one bone
polyostotic - multiple bones (multiple myeloma of hematogenous)
focal - specific bone region
generalised - all bones (metabolic conditions)
symmetrical or asymmetrical
aggressive vs non-agressive lesions
aggressive - rapid bony change, minimal time for response and remodelling
non-agressive - benign, slow change, more chronic so time for remodelling
(spectrum)
assess by looking at -
bone lysis
periosteal reaction
lytic edge character
cortical disruption
transition from normal to abnormal bone
rate of change
