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Pulm > SM_151: Lung Anatomy, Histology, and Development > Flashcards

SM_151: Lung Anatomy, Histology, and Development Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebrosternal ribs are ribs ____

A

The vertebrosternal ribs are ribs 1-7

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2
Q

The vertebrocostal ribs are ribs ____

A

The vertebrocostal ribs are ribs 8-10

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3
Q

The verebtral (floating) ribs are ribs _____

A

The verebtral (floating) ribs are ribs 11-12

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4
Q

Pivoting around an axis through the head, neck, and tubercle _________ the ribs

A

Pivoting around an axis through the head, neck, and tubercle elevates/depresses the ribs

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5
Q

Which muscles are used in inspiration (elevators)?

A
  • External oblique
  • Accessory: scalenes, pectoralis minor and major, serratus anterior
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6
Q

Diaphragm depression ________ volume for quiet inspiration

A

Diaphragm depression decreases volume for quiet inspiration

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7
Q

Which muscles are used in expiration (depressors)?

A
  • Internal oblique
  • Abdominal muscles
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8
Q

Visceral pleura lines the ______

A

Visceral pleura lines the lung surface

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9
Q

Parietal pleura lines the ______

A

Parietal pleura binds the body wall

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10
Q

Parietal pleura extends to the _____ rib laterally, while the lungs extend to the _____ rib laterally

A

Parietal pleura extends to the 10th rib laterally, while the lungs extend to the 8th rib laterally

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11
Q

Is the costodiaphragmatic recess visible on radiograph?

A

No, the costodiaphragmatic recess is not visible on radiograph

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12
Q

A pleural effusion ______ the costophrenic angle

A

A pleural effusion blunts the costophrenic angle

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13
Q

Posteriorly, pleura and lungs extend _______ compared with the sides due to downward sloping of the rib

A

Posteriorly, pleura and lungs extend two ribs inferiorly compared with the sides due to downward sloping of ribs

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14
Q

Lungs extend to

  • ___ rib laterally
  • ___ rib posteriorly
  • ___ rib anteriorly
A

Lungs extend to

  • 8th rib laterally
  • 10th rib posteriorly
  • 6th rib anteriorly
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15
Q

The right lung has ___ lobes

A

The right lung has 3 lobes

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16
Q

The left lung has ___ lobes

A

The left lung has 2 lobes

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17
Q

What is the Silhouette sign?

A

Similar densities of pneumonia and heart cause the right margin of the heart to be obscured

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18
Q

The _____ of the left lung is analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung

A

The lingula of the upper lobe of the left lung is analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung

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19
Q

The ______ and ______ lie against the heart

A

The right middle lobe and lingula of left upper lobe lie against the heart

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20
Q

The heart margin is still visible if there is a ______ lobe mass

A

The heart margin is still visible if there is a lower lobe mass

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21
Q

The trachea extends from the _____ to the _____

A

The trachea extends from the larynx to the carina

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22
Q

Which lung do aspirated objects usually end up in?

A

Right lung

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23
Q

Primary bronchi go to each _____

Secondary bronchi go to each _____

A

Primary bronchi go to each lung

Secondary bronchi go to each lobe

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Lobes are subdivided into _____, which are supplied by _______ and _______

A

Lobes are subdivided into bronchopulmonary segments, each supplied by a tertiary bronchus and corresponding artery

Veins are intersegmental

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26
Q

What is the smallest unit of a lung that can be surgically removed?

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

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27
Q

Root refers to _____, while hilum refers to _____

A

Root refers to structures, while hilum refers to location

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28
Q

Pulmonary artery is ______ in the root, while the pulmonary veins is ______ in the root

A

Pulmonary artery is highest in the root, while pulmonary vein is lowest in the root

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29
Q

The left lung has an impression for the ______, while the right lung has an impression for the ______

A

The left lung has an impression for the aorta, while the right lung has an impression for the azygos vein

30
Q

In the lung, ________ are bronchoconstrictors and supply glands

A

In the lung, parasympathetics are bronchoconstrictors and supply glands

31
Q

What are the parasympathetics for the lungs?

A

Vagus nerves

32
Q

In the lung, _______ effects are unclear

A

In the lung, sympathetic effects are unclear

(B2 receptors are for circulating epinephrine from the arenal gland)

33
Q

What are the sympathetics for the lungs?

A

Upper thoracic splanchnic nerves (T1-T5)

34
Q

______ supply airway walls, while the ______ are for gas exchange

A

Bronchial arteries supply airway walls, while pulmonary arteries are for gas exchange

35
Q

________ run with the airway, while the ________ are independent

A

Pulmonary arteries run with the airway, while pulmonary veins are independent

36
Q

There are _____ generations of branching from trachea to alveolar sacs

A

There are 23+ generations of branching from trachea to alveolar sacs

(16th generation is transition from conduction to respiratory zone)

37
Q

Gas molecules move by _______ in conducting airways and by _______ in the respiratory airways

A

Gas molecules move by convection in the conducting airways and by diffusion in the respiratory airways

38
Q

As aggregate cross-sectional area _______, velocity _______

A

As aggregate cross-sectional area increases, velocity decreases

39
Q

Cross-sectional area is greatest in the _______ airways, so velocity is the lowest

A

Cross-sectional area is greatest in the alveolar airways, so velocity is the lowest

40
Q

Lungs sounds heard during a physical exam are the sounds produced in ______

A

Lungs sounds heard during a physical exam are the sounds produced in primary bronchi

41
Q

Bronchi have _______, while bronchioles have _______

A

Bronchi have cartilage plates (or cartilage rings if smaller), while bronchioles have no cartilage

42
Q

What indicates that a bronchiole is a respiratory bronchiole?

A

An alveolus poking out of the wall of the bronchiole

43
Q

What is the effect of elastic fibers on smaller airways?

A

Elastic fibers keep smaller airways open during expiration

44
Q

What effect does loss of elastic fibers have on smaller airways?

A

Loss of elastic fibers in smaller airways leads to dynamic compression of the airway on expiration in COPD

(emphysema)

45
Q

What kind of cells are found in bronchi?

What distinguishes this cell type?

A

Pseudostratified columnar cells

Looks like multiple layers but every cell touches basal lamina

46
Q

Lobules are defined by _________

A

Lobules are defined by terminal bronchioles

47
Q

Pulmonary artery and bronchioles are ______, while pulmonary veins and lymphatics are ______

A

Pulmonary arteries and bronchioles are intralobular, while pulmonary veins and lymphatics are interlobular

48
Q

One lobule is supplied by a _______

A

One lobule is supplied by a terminal bronchiole

49
Q

What are Kerley B lines?

A

Dilated interlobular lymphatics and edema in the interlobular septa seen peripherally in X-rays of patients w/ pulmonary edema

50
Q

Lobule septal walls are defined by ______ in ______

A

Lobule septal walls are defined by carbon in macrophages

51
Q

Kerley A lines are _____ and _____ compared to Kerley B lines

A

Kerley A lines are larger and more central compared to Kerley B lines

52
Q

Alveolar ducts have a ______ of alveoli along their walls, while respiratory broncholes have _____ alveoli along their walls

A

Alveolar ducts have a series of alveoli along their walls, while respiratory bronchioles have isolated alveoli along their walls

53
Q

Bronchioles have a _______ layer and _______

A

Bronchioles have a continuous smooth muscle layer and respiratory epithelium

54
Q

Describe the histology of larger bronchioles

A

Larger bronchioles have pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia and goblet cells

55
Q

Describe the histology of smaller bronchioles

A

Smaller bronchioles have simple cuboidal epithelium of clubs cells that produce a surface-active substance

(no goblet cells b/c do not want mucous to plug up airways)

56
Q

_______ produce surfactant, which reduces ______

A

Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant, which reduces surface sentence

57
Q

Where are macrophages found in alveoli?

A

Macrophages are found on the lumen side of the inside wall of alveoli

58
Q

What is the main component responsible for the properties of surfactant?

A

A choline phospholipid

59
Q

What are the functions of proteins in alveoli?

A
  • Regulate surfactant secreteion, spreading, and stability
  • Important in host defense by binding to microorganisms and regulating immune responses
60
Q

O2 and CO2 must cross the ______, ______, and ______

A

O2 and CO2 must cross the capillary endothelium, Type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes), and a shared basal lamina

61
Q

The aveolar septum has _____ and _____ portions

A

The alveolar septum has thick and thin portions

62
Q

What comprises the thin portion of the alveolar septum?

What is its function?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes, capillary endothelium, and shared basal lamina

Facilitates diffusion (0.15-0.50 microns thick)

63
Q

What comprises the thick portion of the alveolar septum?

A

Type II pneumocytes, connective tissue stroma, and other cell types

64
Q

What occurs at 4-5 weeks in embryonic airway development?

A

Lung buds off foregut

(Ventrsal bud is bud of endoderm w/ its coating of mesoderm from lateral plate, comes from splanchnopleure)

65
Q

What occurs at 5-6 weeks in embryonic airway development?

A

Lobes and lobar bronchi

66
Q

What occurs at 6-7 weeks in embryonic airway development?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments form

67
Q

What occurs in the pseudoglandular stage of airway development?

A
  • Simple cuboidal / simple columnar epithelium looks glandular
  • Vessels develop but are not closely applied to the airway
68
Q

When does the canalicular stage of airway development occur?

What occurs in the canalicular stage of airway development?

A

At 6 months

  • Branching to level of respiratory bronchioles
  • Type I cells differentiate
  • Vessels closely applied to airway
  • Gas exchange possible but surfactant not produced yet
69
Q

What occurs in the saccular and alveolar stages?

A

Alveolar ducts and sacs form

70
Q

Do alveoli stop developing after birth?

A

No, alveoli continue to develop years after birth

71
Q

Why does airway velocity increase a bit in the upper airways?

A

The extra flow keeps the airways clear of debris

72
Q

What is the earliest time at which a baby can be delivered and survive?

A

6 months

Capillaries are right against epithelium of airway and surfactant is produced shortly after

Pulm (32 decks)

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