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Pulm > SM_151: Lung Anatomy, Histology, and Development > Flashcards

SM_151: Lung Anatomy, Histology, and Development Flashcards

1
Q

The vertebrosternal ribs are ribs ____

A

The vertebrosternal ribs are ribs 1-7

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2
Q

The vertebrocostal ribs are ribs ____

A

The vertebrocostal ribs are ribs 8-10

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3
Q

The verebtral (floating) ribs are ribs _____

A

The verebtral (floating) ribs are ribs 11-12

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4
Q

Pivoting around an axis through the head, neck, and tubercle _________ the ribs

A

Pivoting around an axis through the head, neck, and tubercle elevates/depresses the ribs

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5
Q

Which muscles are used in inspiration (elevators)?

A
  • External oblique
  • Accessory: scalenes, pectoralis minor and major, serratus anterior
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6
Q

Diaphragm depression ________ volume for quiet inspiration

A

Diaphragm depression decreases volume for quiet inspiration

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7
Q

Which muscles are used in expiration (depressors)?

A
  • Internal oblique
  • Abdominal muscles
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8
Q

Visceral pleura lines the ______

A

Visceral pleura lines the lung surface

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9
Q

Parietal pleura lines the ______

A

Parietal pleura binds the body wall

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10
Q

Parietal pleura extends to the _____ rib laterally, while the lungs extend to the _____ rib laterally

A

Parietal pleura extends to the 10th rib laterally, while the lungs extend to the 8th rib laterally

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11
Q

Is the costodiaphragmatic recess visible on radiograph?

A

No, the costodiaphragmatic recess is not visible on radiograph

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12
Q

A pleural effusion ______ the costophrenic angle

A

A pleural effusion blunts the costophrenic angle

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13
Q

Posteriorly, pleura and lungs extend _______ compared with the sides due to downward sloping of the rib

A

Posteriorly, pleura and lungs extend two ribs inferiorly compared with the sides due to downward sloping of ribs

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14
Q

Lungs extend to

  • ___ rib laterally
  • ___ rib posteriorly
  • ___ rib anteriorly
A

Lungs extend to

  • 8th rib laterally
  • 10th rib posteriorly
  • 6th rib anteriorly
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15
Q

The right lung has ___ lobes

A

The right lung has 3 lobes

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16
Q

The left lung has ___ lobes

A

The left lung has 2 lobes

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17
Q

What is the Silhouette sign?

A

Similar densities of pneumonia and heart cause the right margin of the heart to be obscured

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18
Q

The _____ of the left lung is analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung

A

The lingula of the upper lobe of the left lung is analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung

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19
Q

The ______ and ______ lie against the heart

A

The right middle lobe and lingula of left upper lobe lie against the heart

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20
Q

The heart margin is still visible if there is a ______ lobe mass

A

The heart margin is still visible if there is a lower lobe mass

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21
Q

The trachea extends from the _____ to the _____

A

The trachea extends from the larynx to the carina

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22
Q

Which lung do aspirated objects usually end up in?

A

Right lung

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23
Q

Primary bronchi go to each _____

Secondary bronchi go to each _____

A

Primary bronchi go to each lung

Secondary bronchi go to each lobe

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24
Q
A
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25
Lobes are subdivided into \_\_\_\_\_, which are supplied by _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lobes are subdivided into bronchopulmonary segments, each supplied by a tertiary bronchus and corresponding artery Veins are intersegmental
26
What is the smallest unit of a lung that can be surgically removed?
Bronchopulmonary segment
27
Root refers to \_\_\_\_\_, while hilum refers to \_\_\_\_\_
Root refers to structures, while hilum refers to location
28
Pulmonary artery is ______ in the root, while the pulmonary veins is ______ in the root
Pulmonary artery is highest in the root, while pulmonary vein is lowest in the root
29
The left lung has an impression for the \_\_\_\_\_\_, while the right lung has an impression for the \_\_\_\_\_\_
The left lung has an impression for the aorta, while the right lung has an impression for the azygos vein
30
In the lung, ________ are bronchoconstrictors and supply glands
In the lung, parasympathetics are bronchoconstrictors and supply glands
31
What are the parasympathetics for the lungs?
Vagus nerves
32
In the lung, _______ effects are unclear
In the lung, sympathetic effects are unclear (B2 receptors are for circulating epinephrine from the arenal gland)
33
What are the sympathetics for the lungs?
Upper thoracic splanchnic nerves (T1-T5)
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_ supply airway walls, while the ______ are for gas exchange
Bronchial arteries supply airway walls, while pulmonary arteries are for gas exchange
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ run with the airway, while the ________ are independent
Pulmonary arteries run with the airway, while pulmonary veins are independent
36
There are _____ generations of branching from trachea to alveolar sacs
There are 23+ generations of branching from trachea to alveolar sacs (16th generation is transition from conduction to respiratory zone)
37
Gas molecules move by _______ in conducting airways and by _______ in the respiratory airways
Gas molecules move by convection in the conducting airways and by diffusion in the respiratory airways
38
As aggregate cross-sectional area \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, velocity \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
As aggregate cross-sectional area increases, velocity decreases
39
Cross-sectional area is greatest in the _______ airways, so velocity is the lowest
Cross-sectional area is greatest in the alveolar airways, so velocity is the lowest
40
Lungs sounds heard during a physical exam are the sounds produced in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Lungs sounds heard during a physical exam are the sounds produced in primary bronchi
41
Bronchi have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while bronchioles have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bronchi have cartilage plates (or cartilage rings if smaller), while bronchioles have no cartilage
42
What indicates that a bronchiole is a respiratory bronchiole?
An alveolus poking out of the wall of the bronchiole
43
What is the effect of elastic fibers on smaller airways?
Elastic fibers keep smaller airways open during expiration
44
What effect does loss of elastic fibers have on smaller airways?
Loss of elastic fibers in smaller airways leads to dynamic compression of the airway on expiration in COPD (emphysema)
45
What kind of cells are found in bronchi? What distinguishes this cell type?
Pseudostratified columnar cells Looks like multiple layers but every cell touches basal lamina
46
Lobules are defined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lobules are defined by terminal bronchioles
47
Pulmonary artery and bronchioles are \_\_\_\_\_\_, while pulmonary veins and lymphatics are \_\_\_\_\_\_
Pulmonary arteries and bronchioles are intralobular, while pulmonary veins and lymphatics are interlobular
48
One lobule is supplied by a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
One lobule is supplied by a terminal bronchiole
49
What are Kerley B lines?
Dilated interlobular lymphatics and edema in the interlobular septa seen peripherally in X-rays of patients w/ pulmonary edema
50
Lobule septal walls are defined by ______ in \_\_\_\_\_\_
Lobule septal walls are defined by carbon in macrophages
51
Kerley A lines are _____ and _____ compared to Kerley B lines
Kerley A lines are larger and more central compared to Kerley B lines
52
Alveolar ducts have a ______ of alveoli along their walls, while respiratory broncholes have _____ alveoli along their walls
Alveolar ducts have a series of alveoli along their walls, while respiratory bronchioles have isolated alveoli along their walls
53
Bronchioles have a _______ layer and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bronchioles have a continuous smooth muscle layer and respiratory epithelium
54
Describe the histology of larger bronchioles
Larger bronchioles have pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ cilia and goblet cells
55
Describe the histology of smaller bronchioles
Smaller bronchioles have simple cuboidal epithelium of clubs cells that produce a surface-active substance (no goblet cells b/c do not want mucous to plug up airways)
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ produce surfactant, which reduces \_\_\_\_\_\_
Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant, which reduces surface sentence
57
Where are macrophages found in alveoli?
Macrophages are found on the lumen side of the inside wall of alveoli
58
What is the main component responsible for the properties of surfactant?
A choline phospholipid
59
What are the functions of proteins in alveoli?
* Regulate surfactant secreteion, spreading, and stability * Important in host defense by binding to microorganisms and regulating immune responses
60
O2 and CO2 must cross the \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_
O2 and CO2 must cross the capillary endothelium, Type 1 alveolar cells (pneumocytes), and a shared basal lamina
61
The aveolar septum has _____ and _____ portions
The alveolar septum has thick and thin portions
62
What comprises the thin portion of the alveolar septum? What is its function?
Type 1 pneumocytes, capillary endothelium, and shared basal lamina Facilitates diffusion (0.15-0.50 microns thick)
63
What comprises the thick portion of the alveolar septum?
Type II pneumocytes, connective tissue stroma, and other cell types
64
What occurs at 4-5 weeks in embryonic airway development?
Lung buds off foregut (Ventrsal bud is bud of endoderm w/ its coating of mesoderm from lateral plate, comes from splanchnopleure)
65
What occurs at 5-6 weeks in embryonic airway development?
Lobes and lobar bronchi
66
What occurs at 6-7 weeks in embryonic airway development?
Bronchopulmonary segments form
67
What occurs in the pseudoglandular stage of airway development?
* Simple cuboidal / simple columnar epithelium looks glandular * Vessels develop but are not closely applied to the airway
68
When does the canalicular stage of airway development occur? What occurs in the canalicular stage of airway development?
At 6 months * Branching to level of respiratory bronchioles * Type I cells differentiate * Vessels closely applied to airway * Gas exchange possible but surfactant not produced yet
69
What occurs in the saccular and alveolar stages?
Alveolar ducts and sacs form
70
Do alveoli stop developing after birth?
No, alveoli continue to develop years after birth
71
Why does airway velocity increase a bit in the upper airways?
The extra flow keeps the airways clear of debris
72
What is the earliest time at which a baby can be delivered and survive?
6 months Capillaries are right against epithelium of airway and surfactant is produced shortly after

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