SM Review Questions Flashcards

Question

A patient presents to the office with a chief complaint of new onset anxiety. The anxiety started about 1 month ago and began when the patient started a new job. Despite several attempts at anxiety control on their own, they are unable to fully manage the anxiety at work. They are requesting medication to help with their anxiety, but they would like to avoid any controlled substances. What would be the best choice of prescription for this patient? A. Buspirone (Buspar) B. Alprazolam (Xanax) C. Paroxetine (Paxil) D. Fluoxetine (Prozac)

Answer 1

A. Buspirone (Buspar) The correct answer is buspirone (Buspar). Buspirone (Buspar) is a non-benzodiazepine medication used to treat anxiety. Alprazolam (Xanax) is a benzodiazepine, and therefore a controlled substance. This patient requests medication that is not a controlled substance. Paroxetine (Paxil) and fluoxetine (Prozac) are both SSRI’s. While SSRIs are not controlled substances, they are best used for chronic anxiety disorders, not short-term anxiety.

Answer 2

C. Clonazepam (Klonopin) The correct answer is clonazepam (Klonopin). Benzodiazepines, like clonazepam (Klonopin), are the most helpful for acute anxiety episodes. These are medications that can be used on an as-needed basis and do not require consistent use prior to the event. This makes benzodiazepines helpful for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI’s), computed tomography (CT) scans, dental work, and various other medical procedures that cause patients severe anxiety. Buspirone (Buspar) is an anti-anxiety medication that requires several weeks of consistent use for best results. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like escitalopram (Lexapro) are best for treatment of long-term anxiety. Haloperidol (Haldol) is an antipsychotic medication and typically used for schizophrenia.

Answer 3

C. Sertraline (Zoloft) The correct answer is sertraline (Zoloft). Sertraline (Zoloft) is a part of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication class. SSRIs can be helpful in the management of long-term anxiety disorders. Lorazepam (Ativan) is a benzodiazepine, which is helpful for acute anxiety episodes. Buspirone (Buspar) is helpful for short-term anxiety, and works best when taken daily over the course of several weeks. Doxepin (Prudoxin) is a tricyclic antidepressant and not a first-line treatment for anxiety treatment.

Answer 4

D. Pregnancy category X The correct answer is pregnancy category X. This medication is known to cause teratogenic effects to the fetus and should not be taken during pregnancy. The NP should refer this patient to both psych and her obstetrician for the proper management of her bipolar disorder during her pregnancy.

Answer 5

B. A 30-year-old male patient with a history of gout The correct answer is the 30-year old male with a history of gout. Atypical antidepressants, like quetiapine (Seroquel) can cause weight gain, an increased blood glucose level, and hyperlipidemia, making them not ideal choices for the other patient options, as it may worsen their comorbidities.

Answer 6

D. Potassium The correct answer is potassium. Thiazide diuretics can increase blood glucose levels, triglycerides, and uric acid levels. A good way to remember this is thinking of (HCTz) H-hyperglycemia, C-crystals for uric acid, T-triglycerides. Thiazide diuretics can rarely cause low potassium levels. This is a negative stem question, asking “except.”

Answer 7

B. A patient with a GFR of 29 The correct answer is a patient with a GFR of 29. With ACE inhibitor medications, like lisinopril (Zestril), it is important to monitor kidney function. These medications are renal protective in the early stages of kidney disease, but, as it progresses, they can be harmful. A GFR of 29 would be considered the fifth stage of chronic kidney disease, so we would need to put them on a different medication. ACE inhibitors are often used in the treatment for heart failure and do not affect liver function.

Answer 8

A. Verapamil (Verelan) The correct answer is verapamil (Verelan). Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers like verapamil (Verelan) may have the side effect of ankle edema and should not be given to patients with a history of heart failure. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and Bumetanide (Bumex) would help with peripheral edema. Propranolol (Inderal) does not have the side effect of ankle swelling.

Answer 9

B. Spironolactone (Aldactone) The correct answer is spironolactone (Aldactone). A known side effect of spironolactone use in men is the potential for gynecomastia. Gynecomastia occurs because this medication reduces production of testosterone and displaces androgen. Usually cessation of spironolactone resolves this particular side effect.

Answer 10

D. Diclofenac (Voltaren) The correct answer is diclofenac (Voltaren). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to cause potential fluid retention and edema. Heart failure patients commonly have issues with excess fluid volume, so taking NSAIDs increases their risk for a potential exacerbation.

Answer 11

C. Initiate digoxin (Lanoxin) The correct answer is to initiate digoxin (Lanoxin). Based on the patient’s presentation, it is likely that she is currently experiencing a heart failure exacerbation. A chest x-ray is appropriate given the patient’s cough and likely pulmonary congestion. Furosemide is appropriate to decrease the fluid volume overload. Assessing the patient’s daily weight log can also be a good indicator of overall fluid status. While digoxin can be administered to heart failure patients, it is not indicated at this time.

Answer 12

A. A patient taking tadalafil (Cialis) Nitrates like nitroglycerin are potent vasodilators used for angina. However, when patients are on PDE-5 inhibitors like tadalafil (Cialis) there is the high potential for the blood pressure to drop to dangerous ranges and possibly kill the patient. Therefore, taking nitrates while on any PDE-5 inhibitors is absolutely contraindicated.

Answer 13

B. “If your chest pain hasn’t resolved within 5 minutes after the second dose of you taking your nitroglycerin tablet, call 911” Patients who are taking nitrates need to be instructed that they can take a tablet as soon as they experience chest pain, and then every 5 minutes for up to 3 doses (or 15 minutes). If the pain hasn’t resolved within 5 minutes after the second dose however, the patient should be instructed to call 911 as they are at a high risk of a cardiovascular event.

Answer 14

D. Sublingual Nitroglycerin tablets are administered sublingually, which allows the patient to be able to take it at home and the effects of the medication to occur rapidly. A tablet should be taken as soon as the patient experiences chest pain, and then every 5 minutes for up to 3 doses (or 15 minutes). If the pain is not resolved by the second dose, the patient should be instructed to call 911.

Answer 15

D. Bowel obstruction The correct answer is a bowel obstruction. Amiodarone can cause a plethora of side effects and complications across various body systems. It is known to cause thyroid dysfunction, both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, due to its high iodine content. Amiodarone can lead to optic disc swelling and ultimately optic neuropathy as a result. It can also cause pulmonary toxicity due to its accumulation in the fatty tissues and its cytotoxic effects.

Answer 16

C. Apixaban (Eliquis) The correct answer is apixaban (Eliquis). Anticoagulants commonly interact with the antiarrhythmic amiodarone. When taking apixaban specifically with amiodarone, the blood levels of apixaban will likely increase. This will put the patient at a higher risk of bleeding and complications. Therefore, if the patient is taking both concurrently, it will likely be necessary to decrease the anticoagulant dosage.

Answer 17

D. Constipation The correct answer is constipation. Neurological changes such as confusion, visual changes such as green-yellow halos, and abnormal heart rhythms (AV block, premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, bradycardia, etc) are all possible signs of digoxin toxicity. With digoxin toxicity, it is much more likely for the patient to experience diarrhea.

Answer 18

A. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) The correct answer is atorvastatin (Lipitor). For patients with an LDL level >190 mg/dL, high intensity statins are recommended as first line treatment for decreasing LDL levels. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) and Rosuvastatin (Crestor) are examples of high intensity statins. Simvastatin (Zocor) is a moderate intensity statin, fenofibrate (Tricor) is best at lowering triglycerides, and bile acid sequestrants like Colestipol (Colestid) have many GI side effects, which make them not a first-line treatment option.

Answer 19

C. Do not take this medication with warm liquids The correct answer is “do not take this medication with warm liquids.” One of the side effects of niacin (Nicacor) is facial flushing, occurring about 30-60 minutes after taking the medication. To avoid this, we can educate the patient to take aspirin along with the niacin (Niacor) and to avoid taking the medication with warm liquids. This medication should be taken with food and should be taken daily.

Answer 20

B. Fenofibrate (Tricor) The correct answer is fenofibrate (Tricor). Fenofibrate (Tricor) is a highly effective medication for lowering triglycerides. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) or rosuvastatin (Crestor) are both high intensity statins that are very effective in lowering total and LDL cholesterol levels. Colestipol (Colestid) is a bile acid sequestrant and can have a lot of GI side effects, making it not an ideal option when the patient is already experiencing a large amount of medication side effects.

Answer 21

B. Anti-Xa The correct answer is anti-Xa. The gold standard for determining the concentration of enoxaparin (Lovenox) in the blood is an anti-Xa assay. INR is used to monitor warfarin (Coumadin) dosing. A CBC would show platelet counts, but not drug concentration. Fibrinogen levels help with blood clotting but also do not offer insight into drug concentration.

Answer 22

B. Decrease the warfarin dose, initiate PO Vitamin K The correct answer is to decrease the warfarin dose and initiate PO vitamin K. The ideal INR for a patient taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation specifically is 2-3. Therefore, this INR is elevated and the patient is at increased risk for bleeding. The patient is mildly symptomatic with bleeding gums, so PO vitamin K would be an appropriate choice. In addition, decreasing the warfarin dose is imperative to get back to a target INR range of 2-3.

Answer 23

A. Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) The correct answer is acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). To treat a deep vein thrombosis, an anticoagulant is necessary. Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) is an antiplatelet, not an anticoagulant. Aspirin can be used to help prevent a deep vein thrombosis but it will not help to dissolve a blood clot. Apixaban (Eliquis), warfarin (Coumadin), and rivaroxaban (Xarelto) are all anticoagulants.

Answer 24

A. Salmeterol (Serevent) The correct answer is salmeterol (Serevent). According to the GOLD guidelines, treatment group A COPD patients can be treated with short or long acting beta agonists. These medications are typically used for quick relief of COPD symptoms by bronchodilating the patient’s airways.

Answer 25

B. Dry mouth The correct answer is dry mouth. Long acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) are anticholinergic medications, and improve COPD symptoms by bronchodilating and drying up secretions. Anticholinergic side effects may include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, and constipation. Oral thrush is more commonly seen in inhaled corticosteroid agents such as budesonide (Pulmicort). As well, anticholinergic medications can lead to tachycardia, not bradycardia.

Answer 26

B. Formoterol (Foradil) The correct answer is formoterol (Foradil). According to the COPD GOLD guidelines, Group A COPD patients can be treated with a short acting beta agonist or long acting beta agonist. These medications provide symptom relief by bronchodilating the airways. Short acting beta agonists, such as levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA) or albuterol (ProAir HFA) provide the quickest relief, working within minutes of administration. According to the patient’s description, he is taking a Group A medication that has a slower onset. The medication that best fits this description is formoterol (Foradil HFA), which have a delayed onset compared to short acting beta agonist medications. Tiotropium is a long acting muscarinic antagonist, which would be appropriate for use in COPD treatment groups B, C, and D.

Answer 27

B. Thrush The correct answer is thrush. While thrush is a potential side effect of taking an inhaled corticosteroid, it is not related to the discontinuation of the medication. With corticosteroids, especially if used long term, there is risk for adrenal suppression with subsequent withdrawals and joint pain if discontinued abruptly.

Answer 28

C. Continue budesonide/fomoterol as needed and start beclomethasone (Qvar) daily. The correct answer is to continue budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) as needed and start beclomethasone (Qvar) daily. This patient was prescribed an inhaled corticosteroid-long acting beta-agonist (ICS-LABA) as needed only which is asthma step one treatment. Since she is needing to use the inhaler more than two times a week, we need to intensify treatment and move to step two. According to the GINA guidelines, Step two treatment is an ICS daily. Beclomethasone (Qvar) is an ICS. Albuterol (Ventolin) is a SABA, and a SABA alone is no longer recommended as treatment. Adding montelukast (Singular), a leukotriene receptor antagonist, occurs in step three treatment for asthma.

Answer 29

B. You should be referred to a pulmonologist for further management. The correct answer is “you should be referred to a pulmonologist for further management.” This patient is on a daily inhaled corticosteroid long acting beta-agonist combination (ICS-LABA) and leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), indicating he is being managed at step three of asthma treatment. As well, he is having exacerbations, so his treatment likely needs to be intensified. Any patient in step four and above should be referred to pulmonology and not managed in a primary care setting. Oral corticosteroids are used to treat acute exacerbations, not as prevention. While there are options that can be added to prevent exacerbations, and although it might be possible to increase his ICS-LABA dose, this is beyond the scope of primary care, and should be done by a pulmonary specialist.

Answer 30

C. "The back of my foot is hurting." The correct answer is “the back of my foot is hurting.” A black box warning pertaining to the fluoroquinolone drug class is potential achilles tendon rupture. It is imperative that patients should be educated to follow-up if any new heel pain begins to occur after taking this medication.

Answer 31

A. Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) The correct answer is pseudoephedrine (Sudafed). Decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine, work in the body to relieve nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels. When vasoconstriction occurs, there is potential for an increase in blood pressure. If a patient already has a history of hypertension, it is prudent to ideally avoid this class of medication and use other medications such as saline nasal spray or acetaminophen for symptom relief.

Answer 32

B. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) The correct answer is levofloxacin (Levaquin). Due to this patient’s history of a significant respiratory condition, it is necessary to start a medication from the fluoroquinolone drug class for heavy antibiotic coverage. Patients with an underlying respiratory history are at a higher risk for complications and overall mortality.

Answer 33

D. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) The correct answer is diphenhydramine (Benadryl). First-generation antihistamines are known to cause anticholinergic symptoms, especially in the elderly population. Anticholinergic symptoms include: dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, tachycardia, decreased sweating, confusion, and impaired memory. Fluticasone propionate (Flonase) is an intranasal corticosteroid and budesonide (Pulmicort) is an inhaled corticosteroid. These medications are not known to cause anticholinergic effects. Sertraline (Zoloft) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). While SSRIs can cause dry mouth and blurred vision, they will not cause anticholinergic effects.

Answer 34

B. Fluticasone (Flonase) The correct answer is fluticasone (Flonase). First-line treatment for allergic rhinitis is an intranasal corticosteroid, like fluticasone spray (Flonase). Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and loratadine (Claritin) are both antihistamines, which would be a second-line treatment option. Dextromethorphan (Delsym) is antitussive. This patient is experiencing a dry cough, but it is likely due to a post-nasal drip that would likely be resolved with intranasal corticosteroid treatment.

Answer 35

C. Corticosteroids The correct answer is corticosteroids. In all of these conditions, corticosteroids are indicated for first-line treatment to help decrease the inflammatory response. Allergic rhinitis first-line treatment is an intranasal corticosteroid, atopic dermatitis treatment begins with topical corticosteroids, and, per GINA guidelines, the first step of asthma treatment is with inhaled corticosteroids.Antihistamines are second-line treatment for allergic rhinitis, but they are not indicated for the entire atopy triad. Leukotriene receptor antagonists provide anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs for asthmatic patients only, and cholinergic agonists are largely used to treat urinary retention, glaucoma, and myasthenia gravis. It is not an appropriate drug class for all three of the listed conditions.

Answer 36

C. The patient has a GFR of 27 The correct answer is when the patient has a GFR of 27. Glucophage (Metformin) is commonly known to be weight neutral or induce weight loss. In addition, with long term use, it may precipitate a B12 deficiency anemia but that can be treated with additional supplements as needed, and is not a reason for medication discontinuation. Gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and diarrhea may be dose limiting, but tend to improve over time. Having a GFR of 27 places a patient in stage 4 chronic kidney disease. The risks outweigh the benefits of this medication once the GFR is less than 30, so it is imperative to discontinue the Metformin.

Answer 37

D. Dapagliflozin (Farxiga) The correct answer is dapagliflozin (Farxiga). SGLT2 inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, work in the body by preventing the kidneys from being able to absorb glucose. Glucose is then excreted via the urine. Due to the presence of glucose in the urine, this class of medication is not ideal for those with recurrent yeast infections or urinary tract infections. It is also imperative to keep well-hydrated due to this medication’s diuretic effects. Pioglitazone (Actos), glipizide (Glucotrol), and sitagliptin (Januvia) are a part of other diabetic medication classes that do not have these same effects on the body.

Answer 38

A. Glucophage (Metformin) The correct answer is glucophage (Metformin). Sulfonylureas, insulin, and meglitinides are all known to cause potential issues with hypoglycemia. Due to its mechanism of action, glucophage (Metformin) does not present this same risk as it does not impact the amount of insulin the pancreas secretes.

Answer 39

C. Levothyroxine (Synthroid) The correct answer is levothyroxine (Synthroid). When the TSH is elevated and the active thyroid hormones (T3/T4) are decreased, the patient has hypothyroidism. The medication used to treat hypothyroidism is levothyroxine (Synthroid). This medication acts as a synthetic thyroid hormone replacement ideally to achieve euthyroid.

Answer 40

A. Elevated TSH, decreased T3, decreased T4 The correct answer is an elevated TSH, decreased T3, and decreased T4. In hypothyroidism, the thyroid is not functioning properly and not producing enough thyroid hormones such as triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This causes the pituitary gland to produce more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in an attempt to prompt the thyroid into proper functioning. The end result would be an elevated TSH and decreased levels of T3 and T4.

Answer 41

C. “I take my thyroid medication with breakfast to avoid nausea.” The correct answer is “I take my thyroid medication with breakfast to avoid nausea.” Levothyroxine (Synthroid) should be taken daily, as prescribed, 30-60 minutes before eating breakfast. Taking this medication with food will decrease the efficacy and we will not see the desired result.

Answer 42

D. Methimazole (Tapazole) The correct answer is methimazole (Tapazole). With a low TSH and high free T4, this patient’s labs are consistent with hyperthyroidism, requiring treatment. Methimazole (Tapazole) is used for treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy after the first trimester, and this patient is in their second trimester. PTU is only used in the first trimester, and radioactive iodine is contraindicated in pregnancy.

Answer 43

C. CBC The correct answer is a CBC. A CBC is the most important to monitor in patients on PTU due to the potential complication of agranulocytosis. A TSH and hepatic function panel may be included in the lab monitoring of a patient with hyperthyroidism, but a CBC would be of higher priority. An EKG is not routinely monitored with PTU administration.

Answer 44

D. Propranolol (Inderal) The correct answer is propranolol (Inderal). Propranolol (Inderal) is a beta blocker that is commonly used to alleviate symptoms in patients with hyperthyroidism. Sertraline (Zoloft) and buspirone (Buspar) do treat generalized anxiety disorder, but in this case we are treating the anxiety and palpitations due to the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism. While methimazole (Tapazole) does treat hyperthyroidism, it does not directly treat her symptoms of anxiety and palpitations.

Answer 45

B. “When I am sick or nauseous, I do not need to take my steroids.” The correct answer is “when I am sick or nauseous, I do not need to take my steroids.” Steroids should never be abruptly stopped, especially not for patients with Addison’s disease. In times of illness, injury, or stress, it is even possible that patients will need an increased dose of steroids to provide sufficient support to their healing body during that time. Therefore, if a patient were to make the comment: “When I am sick or nauseous, I do not need to take my steroids” the nurse practitioner would need to continue to educate this patient on proper treatment methods for their condition. All of the other statements were true.

Answer 46

D. Refer the patient to the emergency department The correct answer is to refer the patient to the emergency department. Addisonian crisis occurs when there is a dangerously low level of cortisol in the body. Symptoms of this condition, also known as acute adrenal insufficiency, include: hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hyperkalemia. This is a life-threatening emergency and requires immediate transfer to the emergency department for further treatment and evaluation. The options of administering ondansetron (Zofran), taking a double dose of morning steroids, and taking acetaminophen (Tylenol) do not address the underlying crisis.

Answer 47

C. Long-term use of steroids can inhibit how the body absorbs calcium The correct answer is that long-term use of steroids can inhibit how the body absorbs calcium. Steroids reduce the body’s natural ability to absorb calcium and put patients at higher risk of osteopenia with long-term steroid use. Steroids can also cause patients to experience mood changes or agitation, hyperglycemia, and may impair the body’s natural immune response.

Answer 48

C. Pantoprazole (Protonix) Patients with low trauma fractures or at increased risk of osteoporosis should be cautious with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like pantoprazole (Protonix). Long term use of PPIs has been shown to decrease bone density and put patients at an increased fracture risk. Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid and would not be of concern given his medical history. Thiazide diuretics like hydrochlorothiazide can actually help stimulate osteoblasts and retain calcium, making them ideal for patients with osteoporosis. Pioglitazone is a diabetic medication contraindicated in heart failure, but not in osteoporosis.

Answer 49

A. Clostridium difficile (C. diff)

Answer 50

D. “You can expect to be on this medication for at least a month”

Answer 51

B. Electrocardiogram (EKG) The correct answer is EKG. With routine use, this medication can cause QT prolongation, and therefore an EKG should be obtained. Zofran is not associated with renal toxicities or CBC changes. Although a patient who is regularly taking Zofran may be an oncology patient who needs a CBC, GFR, or renal ultrasound monitored, this specific question is focusing on monitoring needed specifically due to Zofran itself, not the condition being treated.

Answer 52

C. Dry mouth and urinary retention The correct answer is dry mouth and urinary retention. Prochlorperazine (Stemetil) can cause anticholinergic side effects including dry mouth, urinary retention, and blurred vision. It can cause sedation, but respiratory depression is an adverse effect more associated with promethazine (Phenergan). Hepatic impairment and QT prolongation are caused by ondansetron (Zofran).

Answer 53

A. This is contraindicated in any person under 2 years of age. The correct answer is “this is contraindicated in any person under 2 years of age.” Promethazine (Phenergan) is contraindicated in anyone under 2 years old due to risk of respiratory depression, regardless of dosing. Adults may be prescribed this medication in an outpatient setting, but they will need to be counseled on risk for respiratory depression and sedation.

Answer 54

D. Docusate sodium (Colace) The correct answer is docusate sodium (Colace). Syncope while using the restroom is often indicative of underlying constipation and straining during bowel movements. In order to avoid future straining and patient risk for falls, a stool softener such as docusate sodium can be prescribed. This medication moves more water into the stool, making it easier to pass.

Answer 55

B. Take with a full glass of water The correct answer is take with a full glass of water. Psyllium fiber (Metamucil) is a bulk laxative that works by absorbing fluids into the intestines allowing the stool to pass easier. Metamucil is used in both the treatment and prevention of constipation, so it should be taken regularly. It has minimal side effects, and the patient should always take it with a full glass of water to prevent the possibility of intestinal obstruction.

Answer 56

C. Diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) The correct answer is diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil). This is the most appropriate treatment option for a patient with inflammatory bowel disease due to its antidiarrheal and pain relieving properties. Loperamide (Imodium) is an over-the-counter antidiarrheal medication that does not offer any pain relief. Psyllium fiber (Metamucil) and docusate sodium (Colace) are used tot treat constipation and could possibly worsen diarrheal symptoms.

Answer 57

C. Go ahead and take the missed pill, even though it means taking two pills in one day. The correct answer is “go ahead and take the missed pill, even though it means taking two pills in one day.” When taking a combined oral contraceptive such as Loestrin Fe, a patient can miss one pill and still be protected against pregnancy. It is imperative to instruct the patient to take the missed dose as soon as possible and then continue on with their remaining pills on time.

Answer 58

B. Worsening acne The correct answer is worsening acne. This symptom is likely due to progesterone levels instead of estrogen levels. Progesterone may increase sebum production, which then can lead to a higher incidence of clogged pores and ultimately acne. Nausea, breast tenderness and breakthrough bleeding are all attributed to the estrogen component of combined oral contraceptives.

Answer 59

D. A 29-year-old woman with endometriosis The correct answer is a 29-year-old woman with endometriosis. Combined oral contraceptives are frequently used to treat the pain associated with endometriosis, and often will help patients from developing further endometriosis. Being older than 35 and smoking, migraines with an aura, and breastfeeding are all contraindications to this class of medication. Smoking increases risk for thrombus while taking this medication and the estrogen component of COCs impacts milk supply in those who are breastfeeding. In addition, there is an increased risk for stroke while taking COCs if the patient has a history of migraines with an aura.

Answer 60

D. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen only The correct answer is hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen only. This patient has tried and failed options for addressing her vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes) due to menopause. The patient has no history of cancer, cardiac disease, or blood clots and thus is a candidate for HRT. Since she no longer has a uterus due to the TAH, she will only need estrogen replacement. Progestin is only indicated for women with an intact uterus in order to prevent endometrial cancer. Although this patient may benefit from the mental health referral, the treatment that is most likely to help her vasomotor symptoms specifically is HRT.

Answer 61

A. Paroxetine (Paxil) The correct answer is paroxetine (Paxil). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have shown to improve both menopausal vasomotor symptoms, including hot flashes, as well as menopausal mood disorders. Paroxetine (Paxil) is an SSRI and is particularly beneficial for these symptoms. Gabapentin (Neurontin) is not commonly used for menopausal mood disorders. The patient’s blood pressure is currently elevated, and it appears she is being treated for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and is on an anticoagulant for a potentially previous clotting issue. With these cardiac risks, this patient would not be an ideal candidate for hormone replacement therapy (HRT), either estrogen alone, or in combination with progesterone.

Answer 62

C. Black cohosh The correct answer is black cohosh. This is most commonly used in menopause. St. John’s wort is most often used for depression. Turmeric is most often used as an anti-inflammatory for arthritis. Saw palmetto is most often used for prostate issues.

Answer 63

C. EKG The correct answer in an EKG. A thorough cardiac assessment, in addition to an EKG, is imperative prior to starting a PDE-5 inhibitor such as sildenafil. This will help to establish whether the patient’s heart will be able to tolerate taking the medication. Often, it is found that those with erectile dysfunction have underlying cardiac disease, which would need to be addressed prior to this medication class being prescribed. While a CMP, echocardiogram, and CBC may be of some use when identifying underlying cardiac disease, the EKG is the most efficient and cost-effective way of evaluating the heart directly.

Answer 64

A. How long have you been taking this medication? The correct answer is “how long have you been taking this medication?” Finasteride (Proscar) works in the body by decreasing the size of the prostate gland over time. This reduction in size then alleviates the patient’s symptoms. However, it may take up to six months to see the full effect of the drug. Inquiring about erectile dysfunction, if they are taking herbal supplements, and the last time the patient had a PSA level drawn does not directly address how well this medication is treating the patient’s BPH.

Answer 65

D. Terazosin (Hytrin) The correct answer is terazosin (Hytrin). First-line medication for benign prostate hyperplasia includes the use of alpha blockers such as terazosin. These medications are notorious for a first-time dose effect of profound orthostatic hypotension which can result in the patient experiencing true syncope. Nitroglycerin and enalapril are used in other conditions related to the cardiovascular system. While finasteride is used for BPH, it belongs to the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors medication classification, and these do not have the same first dose effect as the alpha blockers, and have no overall effect on the blood pressure.

Answer 66

C. Inhibits osteoclast resorption The correct answer is that they inhibit osteoclast resorption. This mechanism allows osteoblasts to be more effective, helping to promote bone growth and reducing bone breakdown. With bisphosphonates, there may be an overall alteration in calcium levels, there is no overall effect on calcium absorption itself. With these medications, there is no osteoblast absorption that occurs.

Answer 67

A. T-score of -1.3 The correct answer is a T-score of -1.3. DEXA scans are a tool that providers use to help determine if a patient has decreased bone mass, and results are reported in T-scores. The lower the T-score, the weaker the bones are. Any T-score that is less than -2.5 is considered osteoporosis. A T-score from -1.1 to -2.4 is considered osteopenia. A T-score equal to or above -1.0 is considered normal bone density.

Answer 68

B. Direct the patient to take the medication in the morning, on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, once per week The correct answer is to direct the patient to take the medication in the morning, on an empty stomach, with a full glass of water, once per week. This allows the medication to be absorbed properly and prevents potential esophageal erosion. As well, patients cannot take this medication concurrently with juices or other medications.

Answer 69

B. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) The correct answer is acetaminophen (Tylenol). Diclofenac sodium, naproxen, and indomethacin are all NSAIDs. These medications should not be used in patients diagnosed with heart failure due to sodium and fluid retention which can further exacerbate the condition. Tylenol is not part of this drug class, and can be utilized to help manage the patient’s pain.

Answer 70

C. Methotrexate (Trexall) The correct answer is methotrexate (Trexall). This is a part of the disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) class. These medications can slow disease progression and help preserve joint function. DMARDs are typically prescribed only by rheumatologists, not by nurse practitioners working in primary care; therefore, patients needing these medications should be referred.

Answer 71

A. Folic acid deficiency The correct answer is a folic acid deficiency. As this medication can deplete folate levels, patients who take methotrexate (Trexall) should have their folate levels monitored and take a folate supplement. Methotrexate (Trexall) has no effect on vitamin B12, iron, or lead levels.

Answer 72

D. Complete blood count (CBC) The correct answer is a complete blood count (CBC). A complete blood count (CBC) should be checked routinely as allopurinol (Zyloprim) can cause bone marrow suppression. Liver and kidney function tests are also other labs that should be monitored while taking allopurinol. Allopurinol (Zyloprim) has no overall effect on amylase, lipase, complete metabolic panel (CMP) or glycosylated hemoglobin levels.

Answer 73

C. Allopurinol (Zyloprim) The correct answer is allopurinol (Zyloprim). Allopurinol works by decreasing the amount of uric acid made by the cells in the body, preventing excess uric acid from depositing in the joints. Allopurinol should not be initiated or discontinued during an acute attack because it can prolong the acute phase. However, colchicine, indomethacin, and naproxen are all indicated for use during the acute onset of gout attacks.

Answer 74

A. Colchicine (Colcrys) The correct answer is colchicine (Colcrys). Colchicine treats inflammation associated with acute gout attacks by disrupting the normal inflammatory response of the body and preventing the accumulation of white blood cells at the site of the deposition of gout crystals. Indomethacin, prednisone, and naproxen can also be used to control inflammation during an acute attack, but do not have this same mechanism of action within the body.

Answer 75

A. Cephalexin (Keflex) The correct answer is cephalexin (Keflex). The first-line drug treatment for strep throat related to group A streptococcus is penicillin or amoxicillin. However, since the patient reported an non-anaphylactic allergy to this medication class, an alternative medication from the cephalosporin drug class would be appropriate. Other alternative options include medications from the macrolide drug class, such as azithromycin and clarithromycin. Ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim are not indicated in the treatment of group A strep.

Answer 76

D. Doxycycline (Vibramycin) The correct answer is doxycycline (Vibramycin). Photosensitivity is a relatively common side effect of the tetracycline drug class. Photosensitivity signs and symptoms include manifestations such as sunburn and blistering. This side effect may last up to several months after cessation of tetracycline use so patient education is imperative. Penicillin, cephalosporin, and fluoroquinolone drug classes have no associated photosensitivity.

Answer 77

D. Erysipelas The correct answer is erysipelas. Traditionally, erysipelas is treated with penicillin. If an allergy is present, then a first generation cephalosporin can be prescribed instead. Metronidazole (Flagyl) does not provide coverage for the typical bacterias that cause erysipelas and cellulitis, but would be indicated in the treatment of trichomoniasis, diverticulitis, and liver abscesses

Answer 78

C. Metronidazole (Flagyl) The correct answer is metronidazole (Flagyl). The nurse practitioner is aware that seeing flagella under the microscope is indicative of trichomoniasis, which is treated with metronidazole (Flagyl). Penicillin G (Bicillin) is used to treat syphilis, ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is used to treat gonorrhea, and azithromycin (Zithromax) is used to treat chlamydia.

Answer 79

B. Clindamycin (Cleocin) The correct answer is clindamycin (Cleocin). The patient reported a severe penicillin allergy, and dicloxacillin (Diclocil) is a penicillin-based medication. Clindamycin (Cleocin) is a great second-line option for mastitis as it is safe for both the breastfeeding mother and her newborn child. Caution is warranted here due to the risk of GI superinfection with Clostridium difficile, so the patient should be educated to report any new signs and symptoms of diarrhea to the provider immediately. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim) should only be used if MRSA is suspected or confirmed, and doxycycline (Vibramycin) is not indicated in the treatment of mastitis.

Answer 80

B. Liver function tests The correct answer is liver function tests. Rifampin (Rifadin) is metabolized in the liver and is a drug that can be severely hepatotoxic. Patients on long-term rifampin (Rifadin) will need serial liver function panels. Rifampin (Rifadin) has no overall effect on amylase, lipase, glycosylated

Answer 81

A. B12 deficiency anemia Long term use of proton-pump inhibitors has been shown to increase the risk of B12 deficiency anemia, as the mechanism by which these medications work often stops the production of gastric acid and intrinsic factor, which is needed to absorb B12.

Answer 82

A. Metronidazole (Flagyl) Metronidazole (Flagyl) is used to treat a variety of conditions, including trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. Green frothy discharge is a common sign of a trichomoniasis infection. Doxycycline (Vibramycin) and azithromycin (Zithromax) can both be used to treat chlamydia infections, and ceftriaxone (Rocephin) is the antibiotic of choice for gonorrheal infections.

Answer 83

C. Sertraline (Zoloft) Urinary retention is an anticholinergic side effect, which is most commonly seen with tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline, and antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine (Atarax). Sertraline (Zoloft) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and is a preferred antidepressant in the elder-adult population, and is not known to have anticholinergic side effects.

Answer 84

B. Staphylococcus aureus The most common bacterial causes of bullous impetigo include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of otitis externa, while Escherichia coli is the most common cause of a urinary tract infection and Corynebacterium minutissimum causes erythrasma, a superficial skin infection.

Answer 85

D. Amoxicillin (Amoxil) This patient has Lyme disease, which is commonly characterized by erythema migrans, which is a stereotypical bull’s eye lesion at the site of the tick bite. First-line treatment for Lyme disease, regardless of age, is doxycycline (Vibramycin), but the CDC still recommends using amoxicillin (Amoxil) in pregnancy for the treatment of Lyme disease.

Answer 86

B. Permethrin (Nix) This is a classic description of scabies, which is treated with permethrin (Nix). Scabies almost always presents between the fingers and toes, as well as around the lower ankles and feet. Scabies commonly affects everyone in the household at once. Griseofulvin (Gris-PEG) and terbinafine (Lamisil) are both antifungal medications commonly used to treat things such as ringworm or onychomycosis. Mebendazole (Emverm) is commonly used to treat enterobiasis, or pinworms.

Answer 87

A. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) This description is most consistent with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), or a cold sore. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is most commonly the cause of genital herpes, although HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes from oral-genital exposure. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is commonly asymptomatic, or appears as genital warts. Coxsackievirus, also known as hand, foot, and mouth disease, usually occurs in children and appears as numerous vesicles around the affected areas.

Answer 88

D. Lichen planus This patient is suffering from chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS), which is commonly characterized by oral lesions that are larger in size and number that last weeks to months and do not respond to symptomatic treatment. While it is not fully understood, lichen planus has been linked to CUS as a known cause. Coxsackievirus A16 causes hand, foot, and mouth disease and usually occurs in children, and appears as multiple vesicles in the affected areas. Lichen sclerosus causes patchy and discolored skin, while lichen simplex chronicus (LSC) results from a chronic itch-scratch-itch cycle.

Answer 89

A. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) This patient is suffering from chronic ulcerative stomatitis (CUS), which is commonly characterized by oral lesions that are larger in size and number that last weeks to months and do not respond to symptomatic treatment. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) is the drug of choice for treatment. Nystatin (Mycostatin) is used to treat fungal infections in the mouth, such as candidiasis. Magic mouthwash, while used as symptomatic treatment for aphthous stomatitis, is not beneficial for CUS, as CUS requires treatment of the underlying problem. Hydrocortisone (Cortef) will not be beneficial for CUS, but can be used to treat a wide variety of conditions such as eczema.

Answer 90

D. Daily foam dressing changes and use of a pressure relief ankle foot orthosis (PRAFO) boot as this is a stage I pressure injury Since this patient is primarily bed bound, she is at an increased risk of pressure injury. Pressure injuries commonly occur in bony places such as the heels, elbows, and sacrum. Foam dressing changes and pressure reduction with PRAFO boots, along with frequent position changes are all beneficial in treating and preventing pressure injuries. Since the skin is intact, this is a stage I pressure injury. If the skin was broken open, this would then classify as a stage II pressure injury. Antibiotics are not helpful in treating these, unless an open sore becomes infected.

Answer 91

C. Oral doxycycline (Vibramycin) Acne treatment is commonly approached using a step up method. Patients should begin treatment with topical washes such as benzoyl peroxide. If this is unsuccessful, treatment will usually step up to topical antibiotics or tretinoin (Retin-A). Stepping up treatment from there would include a prescription for an oral antibiotic, such as doxycycline (Vibramycin) and lastly, a referral to dermatology for something stronger such as isotretinoin (Accutane) if needed.

Answer 92

D. Amoxicillin (Amoxil) This patient is suffering from erysipelas, or superficial cellulitis. The key finding in this question is that the erythema has a well-demarcated border. Erysipelas is best treated with a penicillin or cephalosporin, such as cephalexin (Keflex). Although the patient has a history of MRSA, there is not currently a known MRSA infection at this time, therefore sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim) and doxycycline (Vibramycin) are not indicated. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is not commonly a first line treatment option for skin infections.

Answer 93

B. Rosacea The facial rash for rosacea and lupus present similarly; however, the malar rash associated with lupus spares the nasolabial folds while rosacea does not spare this area. Additionally, rosacea can be identified by its classic acneiform presentation. Erysipelas can occur on the face, but is most commonly described as having sharply demarcated borders. Cystic acne does not typically present as one large facial rash.

Answer 94

A. Ishihara Test Color blindness is an often inherited color vision deficiency. Color blindness involves the inability to distinguish between shades of red and green. A common test used to diagnose color blindness is the Ishihara test, which is a vision test used for the detection of red-green color deficiencies.

Answer 95

A. Cotton wool spots Common findings on a diabetic eye exam consist of cotton wool spots, microaneurysms, neovascularization, and possibly dot/blot hemorrhages. While there can be some overlap between diabetes and hypertension eye exam findings, cotton wool spots are most commonly seen in those with diabetes.

Answer 96

B. Viral conjunctivitis Viral conjunctivitis can present with or without a cold, flu, or other respiratory symptoms. It typically starts unilaterally and spreads to the other eye, typically within a few days. In viral conjunctivitis, discharge from the eye is normally described as watery. Preauricular lymph node involvement is also common with viral cases of conjunctivitis. Viral conjunctivitis treatment consists of symptomatic treatment and usually resolves on its own within 7-14 days.

Answer 97

B. Pterygium A pterygium is a benign non-cancerous overgrowth of the conjunctiva that encroaches on the cornea. A pterygium will start to clear on its own with no treatment. The key difference between a pterygium and a pinguecula is that with a pinguecula, the white overgrowth does not overlap the cornea. With a pterygium, the white triangular growth does cross over the cornea. Arcus senilis is a gray halo around the iris, typically caused by hyperlipidemia. Xanthelasma is another complication of hyperlipidemia and presents as yellow fat-like deposits on the eyelids.

Answer 98

A. Blood pressure 194/99 mmHg, pulse 78, respirations 14, oxygen 99% on room air Swelling of the optic discs, as described in this scenario, is called papilledema. Papilledema is an emergent complication that often occurs from extremely high blood pressure. Common symptoms of severely high blood pressure include severe headache, flickering vision, and a swollen optic disc. Papilledema requires immediate referral to the emergency department as it can result in permanent blindness if not treated.

Answer 99

A. Fluorescein stain This patient’s presenting symptoms are most likely resulting from a corneal abrasion. A corneal abrasion is a tearing of the cornea which commonly presents with eye irritation, tearing, pain, and blurry vision. Patients with Bell’s palsy or facial weakness/paralysis are at an increased risk due to the increased dryness of the eyes, which this patient previously had symptoms of. Corneal abrasions are diagnosed with a fluorescein stain in which dye is placed into the eye and a blacklight is shone into the affected eye. Abrasions will take up the dye and glow when the blacklight is shone over the area.

Answer 100

A. CN II Cranial nerve II is the optic nerve, and is responsible for visual acuity. Visual acuity can be assessed using the Snellen chart. Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI are responsible for extraocular movements, not vision itself.

Answer 101

A. Do you have a family history of hyperlipidemia? Arcus senilis, which is a gray halo around the iris, and xanthelasma, which are yellow fatty deposits near the eyelid, are caused by increased cholesterol. It can be a benign finding in the elderly but is something that needs to be further investigated in the younger population. If found in the younger population, family history of serious hyperlipidemia should be inquired about, and a lipid panel obtained.

Answer 102

A. Staphylococcus aureus A hordeolum, also knows as a stye, is a common eye condition resulting in pain and swelling of the eyelid occasionally accompanied by purulent drainage from the infected area. A hordeolum is most often caused by a bacterial infection from Staphylococcus aureus.

Answer 103

B. “This will resolve on its own and no treatment is needed at this time.” This patient is presenting with a subconjunctival hemorrhage. Subconjunctival hemorrhages are typically asymptomatic, and appear as “bloody” or reddened areas in the eye. Subconjunctival hemorrhages resolve spontaneously. They can commonly occur in response to repetitive sneezing, vomiting, or facial pressure. Symptomatic treatment consists of eye drops, such as artificial tears.

Answer 104

D. Temporal arteritis Temporal arteritis presents as a pulsating, unilateral temple pain that can cause headaches, jaw pain, and can even lead to vision changes resulting in permanent blindness. The pain can come and go, but it is typically very severe in nature. Due to the inflammatory nature of the disorder, long-term, high-dose steroids are required for treatment.

Answer 105

C. Vitamin B1 Wernicke- Korsakoff Syndrome is due to the deficiency of vitamin B1, also known as thiamine. This vitamin B1 deficiency ultimately leads to damage to both the thalamus and hypothalamus causing confusion, ataxia, and vision abnormalities.

Answer 106

A. Permanent hearing loss Ménière’s disease is a disorder of the inner ear caused by an abnormality of the labyrinth. This leads to both vertigo and hearing loss. The main concern for this diagnosis would be progression to permanent hearing loss due to the degradation of the cochlea, which is responsible for relaying sounds to the brain for hearing.

Answer 107

B. There will be lateralization to the bad ear Cholesteatomas are described as a collection of skin cells within the ear. They often cause a large mass in the inner ear that requires surgical removal. This condition can lead to conductive hearing loss. During the Weber test, if a patient is experiencing conductive hearing loss there will be lateralization to the bad ear, in this case, the ear with the cholesteatoma.

Answer 108

B. Agnosia The inability to not recognize familiar faces and people is characterized as agnosia. Apraxia is the inability to carry out movements or gestures, agraphia refers to the inability to write, and aphasia refers to the inability to comprehend things such as reading, writing, or expression by others.

Answer 109

D. Cranial Nerve VII Cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, is responsible for facial expression such as raising the eyebrows, puffing out the cheeks, and smiling.

Answer 110

D. Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disease that is caused by a depletion of dopamine Parkinson’s disease occurs when there is a depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine leading to degradation of the basal ganglia leading to progressive symptoms affecting the nervous system. Oxytocin, endorphins, and serotonin are not typically affected in this disease process.

Answer 111

C. Increase his lisinopril (Zestril) to 30 mg daily Due to this patient’s symptoms and his increased blood pressure this is likely a hypertensive headache. The best option for this patient would be increasing his lisinopril (Zestril) to 30mg daily. Additionally, due to his use of fluoxetine (Prozac) it is important to note that starting sumatriptan (Imitrex) would be contraindicated due to the risk of serotonin syndrome. Ibuprofen (Advil) is not likely to help as it will not lower his blood pressure. Propranolol (Inderal) may help, but is not the best option in this scenario for management of his blood pressure.

Answer 112

B. The nurse practitioner places his hand on the back of the patient’s neck while eliciting passive flexion of the neck Both Brudzinski’s sign and Kernig’s sign are helpful in making the diagnosis of meningitis. Bruzinkski’s sign is performed by placing the hand on the back of the patient’s neck while eliciting passive flexion of the neck. A positive sign would lead to the patient’s hips and knee flexing while the neck is flexed. When this sign is positive, the patient should be referred for an emergent spinal tap and admission due to suspected meningitis.

Answer 113

C. “There is no cure for this diagnosis, only medications to slow the progression and we will focus on her quality of life.” The statement that shows that the family members of a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease understand the disease process would include their knowledge of the fact that there is no cure for the diagnosis. There are medications that can slow the progression but there is, unfortunately, not any medication that can treat the disease process itself.

Answer 114

C. Patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) he GAD-7 is incorrect as this is the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale and would not be the next step after the PHQ-2, which screens for depression. The CAGE questionnaire is a questionnaire to assess alcohol use. The PHQ-9 is correct as it is the next step to the PHQ-2, and it is a more in-depth depression questionnaire. The BDI is a questionnaire for depression, but not the next step in this situation as the PHQ-9 should always follow a positive PHQ-2 screening.

Answer 115

C. Educate the patient that this is a common side effect and should subside without intervention Gastrointestinal side effects are common side effects when starting SSRIs such as sertraline (Zoloft). The patient should be educated that these side effects usually subside within a few weeks, and to remain well hydrated. Decreasing the dose or starting a new SSRI would not be the appropriate action at this time as it typically takes 4-6 weeks to see full effects of SSRIs and for the gastrointestinal side effects to subside. Taking this medication with orange juice is not an appropriate action.

Answer 116

C. Bipolar disorder Bipolar disorder consists of emotional highs and lows. Emotional lows due to bipolar disorder are oftentimes confused for depression, so nurse practitioners should always ask patients about all of their symptoms to form a full diagnosis. This patient is showing classic symptoms of emotional highs such as inability to concentrate, as well as lows with his symptoms of exhaustion and feeling “down”.

Answer 117

B. Exposure to sunlight Seasonal affective disorder is a type of depression related to the lack of sunlight in the winter months which causes patients to have a change in their circadian rhythm. Approved treatments include exposure to more real or artificial sunlight to help reset the patient’s circadian rhythm, as well as talk therapy.

Answer 118

D. Quetiapine (Seroquel) Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic. Atypical antipsychotics can increase lipid levels and blood glucose levels. They may in turn cause weight gain. For these reasons, atypical antipsychotics are not typically prescribed to patients with a history of these issues or metabolic syndrome.

Answer 119

D. Post-traumatic stress disorder This patient is exhibiting tell-tale signs of PTSD, including recurring nightmares, anxiety, and hypervigilance. PTSD affects females at higher rates.

Answer 120

D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) SSRIs are the medication class of choice for a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder. The typical SSRIs of choice are escitalopram (Lexapro) or fluoxetine (Prozac), although others may be used as well.

Answer 121

C. CYP2C19 Patients of Asian descent can have the CYP2C19 enzyme, which leads to their bodies poorly metabolizing certain pain medications such as tramadol (Ultram). It is imperative to do a thorough assessment and evaluation to determine the best plan of care for patients with this enzyme moving forward as they may require higher doses of medication, or different medications altogether.

Answer 122

D. Escitalopram (Lexapro) Of the medications listed, escitalopram (Lexapro) is the safest antidepressant to prescribe to the elderly due to its low side effect profile. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is not an ideal option as it often causes patients to feel jittery, which may lead to falls in the elderly. Paroxetine (Paxil) is very sedating and can have prolonged effects in the elderly. Vilazodone (Viibryd) is also not a great option, as it can cause hyponatremia in elderly patients.

Answer 123

C. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) should be drawn in this patient to assess for hypothyroidism as this patient is still having symptoms of fatigue that is not resolving with medication. Fatigue is a common sign of possible hypothyroidism. A lipid panel, urinalysis, or complete metabolic panel (CMP) are not indicated at this time.

Answer 124

C. Every 5 Years According to the USPSTF, in a healthy individual with no underlying risk factors, a lipid panel can be ordered every 5 years. Risk factors would include an increased BMI, family history of cardiovascular disease, or smoking.

Answer 125

C. 150/90 mmHg According to the JNC 8 Guidelines, individuals who are older than 60 years should have a goal blood pressure of <150/90 mmHg. Therefore, anything greater than 150/90 mmHg would initiate treatment after 3 months of lifestyle modifications. In contrast, AHA guidelines have a goal blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg.

Answer 126

C. Start the patient on chlorothiazide (Diuril) This patient needs treatment with antihypertensives as she is in stage 2 hypertension according to the AHA/ACC hypertension guidelines. An ACE-I like lisinopril (Zestril), a calcium channel blocker like verapamil (Verelan) or thiazide diuretic like chlorothiazide (Diuril) could be used as first-line treatment. However, given this patient’s history of osteoporosis, a thiazide diuretic would be the better choice as it stimulates the osteoblasts to build bone and can improve bone density.

Answer 127

C. Nifedipine (Procardia) Calcium channel blockers are generally avoided in patients with GERD, also sometimes called “heartburn," due to the medication relaxing the esophageal sphincter, which then can cause stomach acid to regurgitate, worsening symptoms.

Answer 128

C. Order a lipid profile The nurse practitioner would need to order a lipid panel to determine if the patient is an appropriate candidate for statin therapy. Given the little information about the patient, further work up would determine the next course of action in the patient's treatment plan.

Answer 129

A. Right-sided heart failure Right sided heart failure causes fluid retention in the periphery of the body, especially the extremities. Left sided heart failure is more likely to affect the lungs, and frequently has respiratory symptoms associated with it.

Answer 130

D. During inspiration The S2 heart sound is the result of the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, which causes vibration of the valve leaflets and the adjacent structures. Therefore, if heard during inspiration, it is considered a normal physiological finding.

Answer 131

C. Potassium Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a potassium sparing diuretic that can increase the potassium in the blood, therefore, patients need to be educated on signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia.

Answer 132

A. Instruct the patient to go to the emergency department A normal INR for a patient with atrial fibrillation is 2-3, any higher value would indicate a need for a reduction of dosage of coumadin (Warfarin), a dose needing to be held, or an order for vitamin K. Since the patient has an INR greater than 3 and she is actively bleeding despite intervention, the patient should be instructed to present to the emergency department for further evaluation and likely vitamin K administration.

Answer 133

A. Start atorvastatin (Lipitor) A moderate or high-intensity statin would be appropriate for this patient. The USPSTF recommends that clinicians prescribe a statin for the primary prevention of CVD for adults aged 40 to 75 years who have 1 or more CVD risk factors (i.e. dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, or smoking) and an estimated 10-year risk of a cardiovascular event of 10% or greater. Always encourage lifestyle modifications to patients, such as smoking cessation, weight loss, and regular physical exercise.

Answer 134

C. Budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) This is an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)/long acting beta agonist (LABA) combination and the preferred as needed (PRN) medication for asthma patients. This patient has been diagnosed with mild intermittent asthma. Patients with mild intermittent asthma receive Step 1 treatment according to the most recent guidelines and should be prescribed a low-dose daily inhaled corticosteroid as well as a LABA PRN. Salmeterol (Serevent) is a long-acting beta-agonist, which should never be given alone to patients with asthma. Beclomethasone dipropionate (Qvar RediHaler) is a low-dose daily inhaled corticosteroid, which is what this patient would be prescribed for daily use if they progressed to Step 2 treatment. Montelukast (Singulair) is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LRTA) that could be prescribed as a daily control medication, but not prescribed PRN for symptom relief.

Answer 135

D. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) This patient's symptoms, assessment, and diagnostics findings are consistent with a diagnosis of pneumonia. Azithromycin (Zithromax) and doxycycline (Vibramycin) can be used for treatment of pneumonia for healthy patients with no recent antibiotic use or comorbidities. However, he has recently been on an antibiotic so we would not want to utilize these. Amoxicillin-clauvuante (Augmentin) + azithromycin (Zithromax) combo may be a good option for this pneumonia, however he is allergic to penicillin. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) would be the best option due to his recent antibiotic use and needing a stronger class of antibiotics.

Answer 136

D. 12 mm induration Since this patient has recently immigrated, a positive TB skin test would be greater than 10 mm. For the general public a positive TB skin test would be greater than 15 mm. If a patient has HIV, is immunocompromised, or has had recent contact with a person with tuberculosis, a positive test would be greater than 5 mm.

Answer 137

B. Morbilliform Rash Group A Strep throat is commonly diagnosed in children. Common signs and symptoms include sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, red enlarged tonsils, white patches on tonsils, fever, and palatal petechiae. Glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, and scarlatina are all complications of untreated Strep A, which can affect the heart and kidneys. A morbilliform rash is associated with prescribing of certain penicillins with concurrent Strep A and mononucleosis diagnoses.

Answer 138

D. FEV1/FVC Ratio < 0.70 These findings, in combination with the patient’s history, are consistent with COPD. A chronic productive cough, seen in chronic bronchitis, and emphysema are the two conditions that make up COPD. Other signs and symptoms can include a barrel chest, clubbing of fingers, dyspnea, or fatigue. FEV1/FVC Ratio < 0.70 is diagnostic of COPD.

Answer 139

C. 2 The CURB-65 criteria is used to help providers in decision making regarding hospitalization in pneumonia patients 65 years or older. C stands for confusion. This patient is alert and oriented therefore does not score a point. U stands for urea, which is measured by the BUN. A BUN greater than 19 mg/dL qualifies as a point, therefore this patient meets this criteria. R stands for respiratory rate and, depending on what guidelines utilized, can score a point if greater than 20 or 30. However, this patient clearly has a respiratory rate within normal limits. B stands for blood pressure. A blood pressure reading of less than 90/60 would score a point, but this patient's blood pressure is greater than this limit. Lastly, the patient is 71 years old, therefore this would be 1 point as well. This patient's total score is a 2, therefore she will possibly require admission to the hospital. A score 3 or greater requires admission.

Answer 140

B. Acute bacterial sinusitis This patient's upper respiratory symptoms, facial pressure, and toothache are symptoms of sinusitis. Due to symptoms persisting for greater than 10 days, we will treat bacterial sinusitis with an antibiotic, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin). With acute bronchitis we would not see symptoms such as facial pressure and toothache. An acute viral upper respiratory infection would likely be diagnosed prior to 12 days. Allergic rhinitis may include symptoms such as sneezing and runny nose.

Answer 141

B. Peritonsillar Abscess A peritonsillar abscess can form from an untreated bacterial infection, such as group A strep. Clinical findings would include enlarged erythematous tonsils and a deviated uvula. Ensuring prompt treatment and referral is essential for this patient. Acute pharyngitis is a non-specific diagnosis and could indicate a viral or bacterial cause for the sore throat. Mononucleosis is a viral infection, therefore, we would not suspect an abscess. Tonsillitis is another non-specific diagnosis that would warrant further investigation.

Answer 142

A. Intranasal corticosteroid After avoiding allergy triggers, the first-line treatment for allergic rhinitis is intranasal corticosteroids, such as fluticasone (Flonase). An oral antihistamine is the second-line treatment for allergic rhinitis. However, we would want to avoid them with this patient due to the patient's age and the unfavorable anticholinergic effects. Intranasal antihistamines and oral corticosteroids can be utilized in unresponsive allergic rhinitis.

Answer 143

C. Height Height, age, and gender impact peak flow reading results. Height is the most important factor in the adult population.

Answer 144

A. Potassium level of 2.1 mmol/L Cushing’s syndrome typically presents with a low serum potassium level. This is due to the increased stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidney causing increased sodium absorption leading to hypokalemia. A normal potassium level is generally considered 3.5-5 mmol/L.

Answer 145

B. Addison’s Disease Due to this patient’s symptoms of fatigue and history of chronic steroid use, the most likely differential would be Addison’s disease. With chronic steroid use, the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis is disrupted, limiting the adrenal glands and impeding their ability to properly produce cortisol, which in turn can lead to Addison’s disease.

Answer 146

B. Dawn phenomenon Dawn phenomenon occurs when there is an early morning rise of blood glucose levels which most commonly occurs around 3-4AM but can occur any time in the patient’s nighttime sleeping hours. This can be avoided by increasing the patient’s nighttime insulin to keep blood glucose levels steady throughout the night.

Answer 147

B. Nephrology A patient with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus, also known as lupus, would most likely need a referral to a nephrologist. Between 30-50% of patients diagnosed with lupus will eventually develop lupus nephritis. During this disease process, lupus autoantibodies attack the kidneys, ultimately leading to the kidneys inability to properly filter blood and excrete waste.

Answer 148

B. Glipizide (Glucotrol) Glipizide (Glucotrol) belongs to the sulfonylurea drug class, which has a high risk for hypoglycemia and weight gain. Given the patient’s age, the risk of hypoglycemia and subsequent falls would not make this medication the drug of choice. Due to the patient’s age, a more appropriate drug may be semaglutide (Ozempic), empagliflozin (Jardiance), or sitagliptin (Januvia) to lower his risk of falls and hypoglycemic episodes.

Answer 149

D. A 45-year-old male with a history of cirrhosis of the liver Glucophage (Metformin) would be contraindicated in a 45-year-old male with a history of cirrhosis due to the increased risk of lactic acidosis. Although glucophage (Metformin) should be used with caution in those with renal impairment, it is not contraindicated in those with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 46, however, their dose should be cut in half and the medication should be discontinued if their GFR drops less than 30. Glucophage (Metformin) is not contraindicated in those with hypertension or pancreatitis.

Answer 150

D. How are you taking your levothyroxine? This patient has a history of hypothyroidism which is being treated with levothyroxine (Synthroid). However, on her lab results, her thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is low, suggesting there may be too much thyroid hormone on board. It is most appropriate to assess how the patient is taking her medication. Some components of multivitamins, such as vitamin B7 (Biotin), can cause affect levothyroxine absorption making it less effective.

Answer 151

B. “Yes, it is safe. However you will need to be on propylthiouracil (PTU) during the first trimester, and then we can switch to methimazole (Tapazole) during the second and third trimester.” During pregnancy, hyperthyroidism should be treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) during the first trimester, followed by methimazole (Tapazole) during the second and third trimester. Radioactive iodine ablation and surgery are not recommended during pregnancy.

Answer 152

A. Calcium In the setting of hyperparathyroidism, the calcium level will be elevated. Calcium and phosphorus work in an indirect relationship. We would additionally find a decreased phosphorus level. The sodium and potassium levels are not typically affected with hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 153

C. “Unfortunately, this is not a safe medication for type 1 diabetics. This medication increases your risk for diabetes ketoacidosis, therefore, I cannot prescribe it.” Semaglutide (Ozempic) is contraindicated in those with type 1 diabetes mellitus due to the risk of diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) and therefore, should not be prescribed.

Answer 154

B. Cow’s milk Avoiding cow’s milk and cow’s milk-containing products before 12 months of age will help prevent iron deficiency anemia. Cow’s milk is low in iron, and inhibits iron absorption from other sources. Additionally, cow’s milk can cause small bleeds in the gastrointestinal tract, also contributing to iron deficiency anemia, meaning option B is correct. Honey should be avoided before the age of 12 months due to the risk of botulism. Current recommendations support the early introduction, from the age of 6 months onward, of both peanut butter and eggs to help prevent allergy and atopic disease in children.

Answer 155

C. Patients with sickle cell anemia should receive all vaccinations on time Illness and dehydration are leading causes of sickle cell crises, so patients with sickle cell anemia should ensure they are receiving all vaccines on time to prevent illness, meaning option C is correct. Eating leafy green vegetables in moderation to help keep INR levels stable is an important teaching point for patients on warfarin (Coumadin). Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used initially to confirm diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, and does not need to be repeated annually. Sickle cell crises often require IV fluids and IV pain medications and usually require a referral to the ED for treatment.

Answer 156

B. Pica Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. A finding that is unique to iron deficiency anemia is pica, which is a craving for non-food items like dirt, ice, clay, or paper, meaning option B is the correct answer. An MCV of 72 fL is indicative of a microcytic anemia, but this finding would not be specific to iron deficiency anemia. Glossitis is a beefy-red, swollen, painful tongue, and most commonly found in vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. While glossitis can possibly be found in iron deficiency anemia as well, it is not as specific as a finding as pica. A hemoglobin (Hgb) of 10 g/dL would indicate anemia, but this finding is not unique to iron deficiency anemia.

Answer 157

B. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) The catch-up vaccine schedule for a child with unknown vaccine status would include IPV, Tdap, MMR, hepatitis B, and varicella. Depending on age, Hib, HPV, and meningitis may be appropriate. B is the correct answer choice. The CDC recommends Hib vaccination in children younger than 5 only. The HPV vaccine can be given from the age of 9 onwards. If a patient is older than 7, they need the TDaP vaccine, so DTap would be an inappropriate choice for this patient.

Answer 158

B. MCV 113 fL The patient’s symptoms and history are consistent with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, a macrocytic anemia. Common findings in B12 deficiency anemia include neurological symptoms, such as paraesthesias, gait instability, or memory trouble. Furthermore, a major risk factor for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia would be sleeve gastrectomy surgery, which greatly reduces the amount of intrinsic factor in the stomach, which is needed to absorb vitamin B12. Macrocytic anemias have a mean corpuscular volume of >100 fL, meaning B is the correct answer. An MCV less than 80 fL would be indicative of microcytic anemia, such as iron deficiency anemia. While gastric surgeries, such as a sleeve gastrectomy, can also certainly lead to iron deficiency anemia, the presenting neurologic symptoms of paresthesias coupled with gait and balance issues would lead us to a probable diagnosis of Vitamin B 12 deficiency anemia. A hematocrit of 41% and a hemoglobin of 14 g/dL would be normal findings in this patient.

Answer 159

C. Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine (Hib) vaccine The patient is exhibiting classic presentation of epiglottis, which commonly presents with drooling, respiratory distress, and muffled “hot potato” voice. The best method of preventing epiglottitis is the Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) vaccine, so answer C would be correct. The MMR vaccine is effective in preventing measles, mumps, and rubella. Prophylactic azithromycin is given to those exposed to known cases of pertussis, or whooping cough. An albuterol inhaler PRN would not be appropriate or effective in the prevention of epiglottis.

Answer 160

B. Chronic hepatitis B infection A positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) indicates either an acute or chronic hepatitis B infection. The total hepatitis B core antibody (anti-Hbc) will be positive from the onset of infection and for life. IgM would be positive in an acute infection. A positive IgG combined with a positive HBsAg would be suggestive of a chronic hepatitis B infection, meaning B is the correct answer. Hepatitis B surface antibody (Anti-HBs) would be positive in a patient vaccinated against hepatitis B. If a patient was immune due to natural hepatitis B infection, we would expect to see both anti-HBc and anti-HBs positive, with a negative HBsAg.

Answer 161

B. Regular phlebotomy The description given by the patient is consistent with the diagnosis of hemochromatosis, a genetic condition in which the body stores too much iron in the organs. The cornerstone of treatment for hemochromatosis is regular phlebotomy, meaning B is the correct answer choice. Intravenous fluids and pain medications during times of crisis is an appropriate management strategy for sickle cell anemia. Direct-acting antiviral tablets are used to treat hepatitis C. Kidney dialysis would not be an appropriate treatment option for hemochromatosis.

Answer 162

B. I would like to run some basic lab tests on you, including a complete blood count. Alcoholism is a common contributing factor to vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia can present with neurological symptoms such as paresthesias, gait disturbances, or memory issues. Another sign of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is glossitis, or a beefy red, swollen tongue, which is consistent with the patient’s presentation. To begin a workup of suspected vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, the nurse practitioner should order a complete blood count, so answer B is the correct choice. A swollen, beefy red tongue is not a common side effect of chlorthalidone (Thalitone). The exam findings are not consistent with angioedema, a life threatening complication sometimes seen with ACE inhibitors. Furthermore, angioedema is not an expected side effect of chlorthalidone (Thalitone). While alcoholism does contribute to both folate and B12 deficiency, the patient’s current complaint of glossitis is more than likely related to B12 deficiency.

Answer 163

A. What medications do you currently take? Folate deficiency anemia is macrocytic and caused by poor dietary intake, alcoholism, and certain medications. Methotrexate, a common medication used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is notorious for causing folic acid deficiency. The patient's symptoms plus statements about seeing a specialist to manage her arthritis, would lead to suspicion of an outside diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, which is managed by rheumatology. Accordingly, option A would be correct. Gastric surgeries place patients at higher risk for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia due to lack of gastric intrinsic factor. Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia commonly presents with neurologic symptoms, which this patient denies. Homes built before 1978 are more likely to have lead paint. Lead poisoning causes microcytic anemia and is more common in young children. Iron deficiency anemia is also microcytic, so the question would not give us any more information on the patient’s current condition.

Answer 164

C. Order a hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan to check gallbladder function This patient has symptoms that are highly indicative of cholecystitis such as right upper quadrant abdominal pain and a positive Murphy’s sign. Being middle-aged and female are both risk factors for cholecystitis. If the patient has a negative ultrasound, the next step would be to have a HIDA scan performed to check for gallbladder function. HIDA scans can only be performed if no stones are present, so an ultrasound should be performed first.

Answer 165

B. Chvostek’s sign This patient is exhibiting symptoms of hypocalcemia. Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs are used to assess for hypocalcemia. Chvostek’s sign is performed by tapping on the patient’s face. Trousseau’s sign is performed by inflating a blood pressure cuff around the arm and watching to see if the arm is drawn up in an involuntary contraction. Tinel’s sign is used to assess for signs of Carpal tunnel syndrome which would not be the case here. Rovsing sign is an abdominal sign used to assess for appendicitis.

Answer 166

B. Psoas sign Many signs can be used to rule out appendicitis. The sign being performed in this scenario is the psoas sign- lifting the leg against resistance. The Markle test is performed by having the patient jump on one foot or drop down on their heels. The obturator sign is done by internally rotating the hip at 90 degrees and the Murphy’s sign is performed by palpating in the subcostal space in the right upper quadrant while the patient takes a deep breath.

Answer 167

C. Grey-Turner sign The two signs that suggest intra-abdominal bleeding are the Cullen sign, which is a blue discoloration around the umbilicus, and the Grey-Turner sign, which appears as blue discoloration around the flank. Blumberg sign is another name for rebound tenderness. Rovsing sign is performed by palpation on the left lower quadrant to see if it elicits pain on the right side. Murphy sign is performed with palpation of the subcostal space in the right upper quadrant.

Answer 168

D. Refer the patient to the ED This patient is exhibiting signs of a possible ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) such as abdominal pain, chest pain and hypotension. If the nurse practitioner suspects an AAA or rupture, the patient should immediately be sent to the emergency room for further evaluation as it is life threatening. An ultrasound could help diagnose an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but if a rupture is suspected in an outpatient setting, the patient should be referred immediately to the emergency room.

Answer 169

A. Famotidine (Pepcid) An H2 blocker like famotidine (Pepcid) would be a good choice for this patient as her symptoms are mild. She also has a risk for developing a B12 deficiency due to her surgical history which would make use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) like omeprazole (Prilosec) less appropriate due to increased risk of B12 deficiency with use. Ondansetron (Zofran) would be a better option for nausea. Diet modification is an important teaching point, however, she has already implemented some of these with no improvement and has specific diet restrictions due to her gastric bypass.

Answer 170

D. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) The medications that are used in quadruple therapy are tetracycline (Sumycin), metronidazole (Flagyl), bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) and either an H2 blocker or a proton-pump inhibitor. Famotidine (Pepcid) is an H2 blocker and omeprazole (Prilosec) is a proton-pump inhibitor. The only option listed that would not be a part of quadruple therapy would be clarithromycin (Biaxin), which would be included in triple therapy.

Answer 171

D. A colonoscopy every 10 years The current guidelines for a patient of this age and no history of colon cancer or disease allow for a few options for screening. Current guidelines suggest screening begin at 50-years-old with no family history, earlier if the patient has risk factors or family history of colon cancer. A high sensitivity fecal occult blood test every year would be one option. CT colonography is another option, but would only occur every 5 years. The patient could also opt for a sigmoidoscopy every 5 years or a colonoscopy every 10 years.

Answer 172

C. Refer her for an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) This patient has been on omeprazole (Prilosec) for 2 months with worsening symptoms. Current recommendations state if a patient has been treated for 8 weeks with no improvement, then they should be referred for further testing such as an EGD to rule out something more serious like Barrett’s esophagus or esophageal cancer. While H2 blockers are also a first line treatment for GERD, PPI’s are generally more effective. Lifestyle modifications are an important teaching point with GERD, but would be done earlier on before starting medications or during treatment and ordering further testing is a higher priority in this patient.

Answer 173

C. Descending colon Polyps can develop in any part of the colon, but the descending colon is the most often affected by colon polyps/colon cancer. Polyps decrease the diameter of the colon, making it a smaller passageway for stool to get through. That is why ribbon or pencil shaped stools are a sign of colon polyps or cancer.

Answer 174

D. Metronidazole (Flagyl) Clue cells and positive whiff test indicate bacterial vaginosis (BV) which is treated with metronidazole (Flagyl). The patient’s description of the discharge as thin and white is consistent with BV. A risk factor for BV in this patient is recent sexual activity. Any sexual activity, but particularly with two female partners, is a risk for BV.

Answer 175

B. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) and doxycycline (Vibramycin) For epididymitis, the recommendation in men under age 35 and in particular if there is a high risk of STI is to treat with ceftriaxone (Rocephin) IM and doxycycline for 10 days. As a reminder, when there is risk for STI and there are no gonorrhea or chlamydia testing results available, the guideline is to treat for both.

Answer 176

B. 32-year-old pregnant female with no symptoms and leukocytes on UA All pregnant patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria (leukocytes or white blood cells in urine) should be treated. If the patient is not pregnant and has asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment is not recommended. Mucous threads are common findings on a UA and are not usually pathologic. Proteinuria alone (without other positive UA findings) can be found in many disease states, most commonly renal disorders such as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Answer 177

B. Secondary syphilis Secondary syphilis can commonly present as a macular or papular rash on the trunk or palms of hands or soles of feet. (Primary syphilis would be a single ulceration.) The diagnosis of syphilis is confirmed with the treponemal (FTA-ABS) positive test and the nontreponemal RPR positive. If the FTA and RPR were negative, then you would consider Rocky Mountain spotted fever as that also presents on the palms of hands and feet. Atopic dermatitis is characterized by a pruritic, erythematous, often scaly papules. Psoriasis is more consistent with erythematous plaques.

Answer 178

A. Positive STI testing for HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are mandatory to report to the local department of health. HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia are reportable in every state. Trichomonas and bacterial vaginosis are not reportable. Due to HIPAA the health care provider cannot contact the sexual partners for notification. Health departments have partner notification programs.

Answer 179

C. Start acyclovir (Zovirax) The first line treatment for HSV is acyclovir (Zovirax) that has to be started within a 48 to 72 hour window, and this patient is still in the treatment window. Penicillin benzathine (Bicillin) is not correct because it is the treatment for syphilis. Topical mupirocin (Bactroban) may be prescribed for mild folliculitis.

Answer 180

C. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) The GFR is the best indicator of kidney function, and it is used to stage CKD. Creatinine and BUN are other indicators of kidney function, but are less specific than the GFR. We may consider a renal ultrasound in the workup for CKD, but the GFR is the best indicator.

Answer 181

D. Red blood cell casts In glomerulonephritis, microscopic bleeding occurs in the kidneys which leads to the red blood cells clumping together which is indicated by the red blood cell casts. This patient’s low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is indicative of CKD, along with the elevated creatinine and BUN. Glomerulonephritis is a common cause of CKD. Squamous epithelial cells are a common benign finding on urinalysis results. The urine specific gravity listed is within normal range, and thus would not indicate an underlying problem. Positive nitrites would be more indicative of a urinary tract infection (UTI).

Answer 182

D. Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio Elevated microalbumin in the urine sample of a diabetic patient can indicate microvascular damage in the kidneys. A diabetic patient with an uncontrolled or elevated A1C will be more likely to have microalbuminuria and renal complications, but the A1C itself does not screen for this. A urinalysis and renal ultrasound are often part of the workup for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but the urine microalbumin is more specific to the microvascular complications from diabetes.

Answer 183

B. Metformin (Gluocophage) Metformin can only be used if the GFR is 45 mL/min or above. If a patient is on metformin and the GFR worsens to between 30-45 mL/min, we will need to decrease the dose by half. If the GFR drops below 30 mL/min, we cannot use metformin. Dosing and use of the other medications listed are not based on GFR.

Answer 184

C. Medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (Depo-Provera) The medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (Depo-Provera) decreases serum estrogen levels, leading to bone density loss. The copper IUD (Paraguard) is a nonhormonal option which has no impact on bone density. Neither etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring (NuvaRing) or norelgestromin /ethinyl estradiol transdermal (Ortho Evra Patch) have a major known association with osteoporosis.

Answer 185

B. HPV subtypes 16 and 18 account for about 70% of all cervical cancers. The Gardasil HPV vaccine protects against 9 strains of HPV known to cause HPV-linked cervical, oropharyngeal, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancers. High-risk HPV subtypes 16 and 18 cause around 70% of all cervical cancers; option B is the correct choice. HPV subtypes 6 and 11 are low-risk and cause over 90% of genital warts. The Gardasil vaccine can be administered in females between the ages of 9 and 45 years of age, so this patient is a candidate.

Answer 186

C. Testing and treatment of chlamydial infection While the specifics of these scenarios may vary between states, parental consent is not required for STI screening or treatment, pregnancy-related care, and contraception. In general, vaccinations, treatment of dysmenorrhea, and any medical consultation for medications would require parental consent in patients under the age of 18.

Answer 187

C. Prolactin This condition can be due to breast stimulation, prolactinomas, disorders of the pituitary gland, or medications such as atypical antipsychotics. While often benign in nature, the best first diagnostic test would be a prolactin level to rule out prolactinoma as the cause. TSH, serum T3/T4, and CBC may also provide useful diagnostic information, but prolactin is the priority.

Answer 188

B. Refer to OB/GYN Twelve months with no menstrual cycle is diagnostic of menopause. Any unusual vaginal bleeding after that 12 month mark is concerning for endometrial cancer and requires a prompt referral to OB/GYN for an endometrial biopsy. Serum estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels are helpful in diagnosing menopause, but would not be an appropriate next step in this patient with abnormal vaginal bleeding. Asking the patient to keep a record of bleeding and then following up would not be a priority intervention.

Answer 189

B. Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Answer 190

D. Norethindrone (the mini-pill) Absolute contraindications for combined estrogen/progestin contraceptives include smokers over the age of 35, history of migraines with aura, history of deep vein thrombosis, uncontrolled hypertension, breast cancer, liver tumor or liver disease, pregnancy, or undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding. Furthermore, the Ortho Evra patch carries the highest risk of blood clot of the combined hormonal contraceptive options. Due to this patient’s history of ectopic pregnancy, any IUD use would be contraindicated. The best option for this patient would be a progestin-only or nonhormonal option, making option D the correct answer.

Answer 191

C. Conjugated estrogen tablets (Premarin) Hormon replacement therapy (HRT) in menopausal women comes with many risks, such as increased risk of blood clots, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Both estrogen-only and combined HRT options carry an increased risk of ovarian cancer. To honor this patient’s request of avoiding medications containing hormones, Premarin, an estrogen-only HRT option, would be an inappropriate choice for her. C is the correct answer. Paroxetine (Paxil) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor known to help with menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats. Both black cohosh and evening primrose are herbal supplements used to improve menopausal symptoms.

Answer 192

C. Ensure reflex HPV testing is underway Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) are a category of abnormal Pap smear result. ASCUS indicates that abnormal cells were present, but did not meet the diagnostic criteria for a lesion. While we would provide reassurance that ASCUS cells can be from a variety of causes and may not be a cause for concern, the priority management strategy would be to ensure that reflexive HPV testing is underway in all patients with ASCUS results, regardless of age. Depending on the results of the reflexive HPV testing, the provider may then choose to repeat the pap smear in 6 months, or refer for a colposcopy.

Answer 193

A. This pill needs to be taken at the exact same time every day in order to be effective. The best oral contraceptive option for breastfeeding mothers is a progestin-only containing option, such as norethindrone (the mini-pilll). Progestin-only oral contraceptives need to be taken at approximately the same time every day in order to be most effective; A is the correct answer choice. Combined oral contraceptives contain both progestin and estrogen, and carry with them more contraindications and risk of blood clot and stroke. For combined oral contraceptive options, history of migraine with aura would be an absolute contraindication.

Answer 194

C. Probable The probable signs of pregnancy are Hegar’s, Chadwick’s, and Goodell’s sign, as well as an HCG urine pregnancy test. A presumptive sign of pregnancy is a subjective report that the patient tells the nurse practitioner such as amenorrhea or breast tenderness. Positive signs are objectively what the nurse practitioner can feel or see such as fetal heart tones, palpation of the fetus, and ultrasounds.

Answer 195

D. This is a normal reading. A measurement of +/- 2 centimeters is acceptable

Answer 196

B. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) is a live vaccine and live vaccines cannot be administered during pregnancy. The other options are all safe to administer during pregnancy, as long as the influenza vaccine used is not the live nasal vaccine.

Answer 197

C. Group B streptococcus test

Answer 198

C. This is an abnormal lab result that can be indicative of Down syndrome, further testing is warranted

Answer 199

C. Send the patient to the emergency room A patient who is late in their third trimester who presents with painful contractions and bleeding can be experiencing placenta abruption and this is a life-threatening medical emergency.

Answer 200

B. Dicloxicillin (Diclocil) Dicloxcillin is safe and effective in treating mastitis. It is safe to use while continuing to breastfeed as well. All other options are contraindicated in breastfeeding patients.

Answer 201

D. Folic acid

Answer 202

B. Amoxicillin (Amoxil) Amoxicillin is the safest option for the pregnant patients out of these choices. The other 3 options are category X medications in pregnancy.

Answer 203

B. This is called Cullen's sign and is indicative of an intra-abdominal bleed, refer the patient to the emergency room immediately.

Answer 204

A. Take this medication at bedtime Drugs used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are treated with alpha blocker medications like terazosin (Hytrin) and doxazosin (Cardura). These medications need to be taken at night due to the risk of orthostatic hypotension and the increased fall risk. Other symptoms associated with alpha blockers include impotence, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, and a stuffy nose.

Answer 205

B. 5.4 ng/mL For prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, a value of 4.0 ng/mL or higher requires a referral to urology. A PSA level of 4.0 ng/mL does not necessarily mean the patient has cancer, but that will be determined by the follow-up testing done by the urology specialist.

Answer 206

D. Prehn’s sign Scrotal edema, erythema, dysuria, and urethral discharge suggest epididymitis. This diagnosis can be confirmed by using the Prehn’s sign during the physical examination. The Prehn's sign will be positive if there is relief of the patient’s scrotal pain with elevation of the scrotum. Epididymitis is most commonly caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea. A positive Prehn’s sign would warrant further sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing.

Answer 207

B. Cremasteric reflex During the physical exam, if the nurse practitioner is unable to elicit the cremasteric reflex by stroking the inner thigh and noting a rising of the ipsilateral testicle, then it is most likely that this patient has a testicular torsion. Prehn’s sign would not be helpful as it is positive with epididymitis, not testicular torsion. An abdominal ultrasound would be inappropriate as it would not evaluate the scrotum.

Answer 208

D. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) Epididymitis is diagnosed from symptoms of: urethral discharge, an edematous scrotum, testicular pain, and + Prehn’s sign. Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) or doxycycline (Vibramycin) are first-line agents for treating this condition in the younger adult population as it is usually caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia.

Answer 209

D. Refuse to prescribe tadalafil (Cialis) This is because it is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor. PDE-5 inhibitors are contraindicated within 24-48 hours of nitroglycerin due to the potential for severe hypotension. This is caused by the widespread vasodilation of both drugs. Remember that PDE-5 inhibitors are given when the penis doesn’t erect (PDE). This class of medications all end with -afil which can be remembered as they allow the blood vessels to be easily filled with blood through vasodilation.

Answer 210

A. Electrocardiogram When patients present with erectile dysfunction, it is important to rule out a cardiac cause of the erectile dysfunction. LIkewise, before prescribing phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, it is very important to verify there are no underlying cardiac conditions as PDE-5 inhibitors can exacerbate certain symptoms or interact with cardiac medications. Therefore, performing a baseline electrocardiogram and cardiac lab testing are important for evaluating cardiac health.

Answer 211

C. Clozapine (Clozaril) Atypical antipsychotics, like clozapine, are most likely to cause galactorrhea. Spironolactone is incorrect as it is known for causing gynecomastia due to the anti-androgen effects of the drug, and in very rare cases may cause galactorrhea, but more commonly, this is a side effect of atypical antipsychotics.

Answer 212

D. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) will present with a symmetrically enlarged, rubbery prostate during a digital rectal exam (DRE). This enlargement of the prostate also produces urinary frequency and hesitancy symptoms. Prostate cancer will be palpable as a firm, immovable nodule of the prostate during a DRE. Prostatitis feels like an enlarged and boggy prostate on DRE.

Answer 213

A. Doxazosin (Cardura) Medications ending in -zosin are alpha blockers that are helpful in the treatment of urinary retention that is seen with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Finasteride may be used to treat BPH as well but can take up to 6 months to relieve symptoms, so it is not considered first line. Labetalol and verapamil are both medications that are primarily utilized for the treatment of hypertension.

Answer 214

C. Children born prematurely often catch up with normal developmental milestones by the time they are two years old These children will not commonly have permanent developmental delay due to prematurity. Children typically begin preschool between the ages of 3 and 5, making this option inappropriate. Intensive physical and speech therapy is not necessary for all premature infants.

Answer 215

D. No further evaluation is necessary at this time This is a variation of normal after birth because of the mother’s hormones present in the infant’s circulation. The parent(s) should be reassured at this time. Withdrawal bleeding, seen in this scenario, does not require any additional evaluation. Furthermore, the vaginal bleeding was scant, self-limiting, and has not occurred again.

Answer 216

A. Salter-Harris fracture This fracture is very close to the growth plate. Fractures of the growth plate are known as Salter-Harris fractures, which warrants an immediate referral for treatment to help prevent growth delay.

Answer 217

B. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and IVIG (intravenous immune globulin) therapy Children with Kawasaki’s disease can present with a variety of symptoms including widespread inflammation and swelling, fever, rash, and desquamation of the hands and feet. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is typically avoided in the pediatric population due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome. However, in children with Kawasaki’s disease, prompt treatment with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is needed as benefits in preventing coronary artery complications far outweigh the risks. The immunoglobulin (or IVIG) is also given to those with Kawasaki’s disease as it also has anti-inflammatory effects and reduces the risk of cardiac complications.

Answer 218

D. Keloid Keloids are scar tissue that grow due to infection or injury of the skin. They may develop as the result of an allergic reaction or infection, but will not be painful or draining. Hypertrophic scars are somewhat similar to keloids. These scars can be distinguished from keloids because hypertrophic scars remain within the boundaries of the site of injury and fade/regress over time. Keloids, however, will grow beyond the borders of that original injury and will not typically regress.

Answer 219

C. 3-years-old Children should be able to ride a tricycle, trace a circle, and throw a ball overhand by the age of 3 (think a tricycle has 3 circular wheels and a ball is also circular to remember this!). However, they are not expected to draw a cross until the age of 4 (think the cross has 4 points to help remember this!).

Answer 220

A. Refer to ophthalmologist The condition described here is strabismus. Strabismus can be noted as an inward (esotropic) or outward (exotropic) eye deviation. It should be resolved by the age of 4-6 months. If it does not resolve by this time, then the child should be referred to ophthalmology for further treatment.

Answer 221

C. 6-8 wet diapers a day and weight gain is an indication of adequate intake Infants are expected to gain enough weight to be back to their birth weight by 10-14 days of life. It is unnecessary for parents to express breast milk in order to measure the amount being consumed by infants, if adequate wet diapers and weight gain are seen. Signs of satiety are not reliable for determining milk transfer. Breastfed infants may not have consistent stools every day.

Answer 222

D. Do not administer either vaccine Even though the child is only 2 days away from being 12 months old, these live vaccines are only FDA approved for use in children 12 months and older This is typically because infants have some passive immunity they receive while in utero, so waiting until 12 months of age will help them mount the best immune response to the vaccine and get a better response of IgG antibodies going. There are certain times when MMR is administered prior to 12 months of age, but this usually revolves around exposure and/or travel, and is not the general recommendation for infants with no risk factors.

Answer 223

B. Osteoporosis and heart disease In patients with a history of anorexia, nurse practitioners should be most concerned about heart disease and osteoporosis. Lack of nutritive intake leads to loss of electrolytes and minerals essential for heart and bone health. In addition, female anorexic patients often experience secondary amenorrhea. This amenorrheic state causes a decrease in estrogen and a subsequent decrease in bone mineral density.

Answer 224

B. L4 When determining the root cause of sciatica, if the patient has a positive squat and rise test and has a diminished knee jerk, then L4 is responsible as the root cause of the sciatica. If the patient has numbness or weakness in the big toe with heel walking, L5 is responsible. If S1 is the cause, the patient will have a diminished or absent ankle jerk and weakness while walking on their toes. L3 is not a common vertebrae associated with sciatica.

Answer 225

A. Decrease the patient’s allopurinol (Zyloprim) Gout exacerbations are commonly treated with potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as indomethacin (Indocin), steroids, or colchicine (Colcrys). Allopurinol (Zyloprim) is used as a preventive medication and should not be started, stopped, or altered during an acute gout attack. Thiazide diuretics, such as hydrochlorothiazide (Oretic), can increase uric acid crystals in joint spaces and should be discontinued in patients with gout.

Answer 226

C. Scaphoid fracture A scaphoid fracture typically does not appear on an x-ray until approximately two weeks post-injury. Metatarsal and metacarpal fractures typically appear immediately after the injury on an x-ray. Ankle sprains do not usually require advanced imaging and do not typically show on x-ray.

Answer 227

B. Lateral epicondylitis Lateral epicondylitis, or tennis elbow, causes pain and inflammation to the tendon on the outer aspect of the elbow. Medial epicondylitis, or golfer's elbow, causes pain and inflammation on the inner aspect of the elbow. Olecranon bursitis causes more generalized pain and swelling over the entirety of the elbow, while gout will likely cause more redness and warmth over the elbow.

Answer 228

D. Celecoxib (Celebrex) Olecranon bursitis, also referred to as student's elbow, is commonly treated first line with rest, ice, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as celecoxib (Celebrex). If the bursitis does not improve with these interventions, a joint aspiration may be performed to check for underlying pathogenic causes, at which time antibiotics may be given. Steroid injections are commonly used for bursitis in larger joints such as the shoulders or hips, but rarely in the elbow.

Answer 229

A. Finklestein test Pain and swelling at the base of the thumb may be indicative of DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis, which can be assessed for using the Finklestein test. Both Tinel and Phalen’s signs are used to assess for carpal tunnel syndrome, which commonly presents with numbness, tingling, burning and weakness in the hand. Froment’s sign assesses ulnar nerve palsy, which typically affects the fourth and fifth digits rather than the thumb.

Answer 230

D. Prednisone (Deltasone) A DEXA scan result of less than -2.5 is indicative of osteoporosis. Long-term use of steroids can put a patient at an increased risk for osteoporosis. Hydrochlorothiazide (Oretic), bupropion (Wellbutrin), and dulaglutide (Trulicity) have all been shown to be beneficial for overall bone health in patients.

Answer 231

C. “This medication is not appropriate for your diagnosis. I recommend taking extra-strength acetaminophen (Tylenol) as needed” Nodes on the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP), also called Heberden’s nodes, and nodes on the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP), also called Bouchard’s nodes, can be seen in patients with osteoarthritis. Heberden’s nodes are not seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which is what a drug like methotrexate (Otrexup) would be used for. Methotrexate (Otrexup) is a common disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and is not indicated in the treatment of osteoarthritis, which this patient has. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are first-line treatment for osteoarthritis, this patient has a history of hypertension and is not a good candidate for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), making acetaminophen (Tylenol) more appropriate for pain management as needed.

Answer 232

D. X-ray A “bamboo spine” is commonly used to describe ankylosing spondylitis, a type of arthritis that affects the back. The first step in diagnosing ankylosing spondylitis is an x-ray. After an x-ray is obtained, the patient will likely need an MRI, but an x-ray is an easy go-to that is cost-effective for the patient making it most appropriate for an initial visit. Obtaining a DEXA scan and CT scan is not indicated for ankylosing spondylitis on a routine basis.

Answer 233

B. Morton’s neuroma Morton’s neuroma occur in the third intermetatarsal space, or between the third and fourth toes. Patient’s commonly report symptoms of burning pain, numbness and tingling in the toes, or the feeling of walking on a pebble. Metatarsalgia commonly presents as plantar foot pain across all of the metatarsal heads. A ganglion cyst occurs over a joint rather than in the interspace. Lastly, metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint synovitis presents as pain and swelling on both the dorsal and plantar aspect of the foot, most commonly under the second toe.

Answer 234

D. Meta-analysis Meta-analysis or systematic reviews are the strongest level of evidence in research. These are the reviews that put together multiple studies that have already been done. The second category is all the “c’s” like case studies, cohorts, and cross studies, and finally editorials or opinion pieces are the weakest level of evidence.

Answer 235

B. Health Belief model The Health Belief model is a model in which a patient’s behaviors depend on a variety of factors, but especially their perceived susceptibility. This model is the correct answer because this patient is only changing his behaviors because he personally feels that his health is at risk.

Answer 236

A. Justice

Answer 237

B. Medicare B This portion covers: second opinions, dialysis, outpatient appointments, and durable medical equipment. Part A covers inpatient as well as hospice care. Medicare part C includes advantage plans like dental and vision, and Medicare part D covers prescription drugs.

Answer 238

C. The Balanced Budget Act

Answer 239

C. Yes, as the patient was being seen for the same condition as the physician in office had seen the patient for before

Answer 240

D. A physical therapy and chiropractic office

Answer 241

C. Tertiary prevention Tertiary prevention is treatment once the patient already has the disease process, so when a vaccination is given to a patient with a chronic condition to prevent worse conditions from occurring.

Answer 242

C. Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 243

C. Autonomy

Answer 244

B. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) Research has shown that CoQ10 may have significant benefits for patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD), including lowering blood pressure, reducing the risk for repeat cardiovascular events, improving outcomes in heart failure patients, and helping mitigate side effects of statins.

Answer 245

B. “Taking St. John’s wort with warfarin (Coumadin) will lower your INR and increase your risk of clots.” Co-administration of St. John wort and warfarin (Coumadin) is not recommended. St. John’s wort, when taken with warfarin (Coumadin), may increase the risk of clots as it acts as an inducer in the CYP450 enzyme system, causing warfarin (Coumadin) to be cleared from a patient’s system faster.

Answer 246

B. Staphylococcus aureus Impetigo, especially bullous impetigo, is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa most commonly causes otitis externa. Corynebacterium minutissimum commonly causes erythrasma, a type of skin rash. Escherichia coli is the most common causative organism of urinary tract infections.

Answer 247

A. Twice a year Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), patients with diabetes who are over the age of 45 should have their HgA1C checked twice yearly once they are at goal. Goal for diabetic patients is generally agreed upon by various guidelines as <7%.

Answer 248

D. Preauricular lymphadenopathy Viral conjunctivitis, known commonly by the layman’s term “pink eye” typically presents with watery discharge. As well, discharge may begin in one eye, and progress to the other. Preauricular lymphadenopathy is also common with viral conjunctivitis. Purulent drainage is a hallmark symptom of bacterial conjunctivitis, and allergic conjunctivitis often appears bilaterally from the onset, with cervical chain lymphadenopathy.

Answer 249

B. 10% According to the AHA/ACC Hypertension guidelines, a patient is in Stage 1 Hypertension when the systolic BP is 130-139 mmHg or the diastolic BP is 80-89 mmHg. For patients in Stage 1, it is appropriate to initiate antihypertensives if their ASCVD risk score is 10% or greater.

Answer 250

B. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) Due to this patient being treated for a urinary tract infection with antibiotics within the last 90 days, appropriate treatment would be either levofloxacin (Levaquin) or amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) plus a macrolide antibiotic. However, due to the patient’s penicillin allergy, Augmentin cannot be used, making levofloxacin (Levaquin) the ideal option.

Answer 251

C. Calcium The parathyroid is responsible for making parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the body. Both calcium and phosphorus are necessary for bone development, as well as play an integral role in muscle and nerve cell function.

Answer 252

C. Acute Hepatitis B infection +IgM can be used as a hallmark sign of an acute infection. When IgM is positive on a hepatitis B panel, this indicates that the patient is acutely infected. Furthermore, the +HBsAg is a marker of the protein on the surface of the hepatitis B virus that is positive when the virus is present, either in acute or chronic hepatitis b. IgG becomes positive when infection is cleared, or there is a chronic infection. Anti-HBs would be positive if the patient is vaccinated, or immune from exposure to hepatitis B.

Answer 253

B. 15-20 weeks Alpha-Fetoprotein is made by a developing fetus’ liver. Levels can be measured in the pregnant patient between weeks 15-20 of gestation. Low AFP levels can be markers of conditions such as Down syndrome, while high AFP levels can be markers of spina bifida, or other open neural tube defects.

Answer 254

D. Breast cancer

Answer 255

C. Health belief model The health belief model is used for health promotion and disease prevention. According to the health belief model, patients will take positive health actions to avoid perceived negative health outcomes. In this scenario, the patient will modify diet and exercise to avoid the negative outcome of diabetes.

Answer 256

D. Omeprazole (Prilosec) Histamine H2 Antagonists, or H2 blockers, like cimetidine (Tagamet) and famotidine (Pepcid), as well as proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole (Prilosec) can be useful in the treatment of GERD. However, proton pump inhibitors yield greater acid suppression than H2 blockers, making them the most effective medication that can be administered for GERD. Sucralfate (Carafate), while an antacid, is not typically used in the treatment of GERD, and is instead used in the treatment of both gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Answer 257

D. Apley grind test The Apley Grind test can be utilized to assess for meniscus injuries. The empty can test is used to assess the supraspinatus muscle in the rotator cuff. Both the anterior drawer and Lachman test can be used to assess for anterior cruciate ligament injuries.

Answer 258

C. Macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin, will make your child’s illness less contagious Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, presents with paroxysmal coughing fits with an inspiratory “whoop.” Other symptoms include mild cold symptoms such as low-grade fever and rhinorrhea. Management of pertussis includes symptomatic management as well as macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin, to help prevent contagious spread. Pertussis is bacterial, not viral, in nature, and caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis. Oral steroids, such as dexamethasone, are often prescribed to reduce airway swelling in patients with moderate-to-severe croup. Administering amoxicillin for group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection, commonly known as strep throat, will improve symptoms as well as prevent complications such as rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.

Answer 259

B. Hearing aids Presbycusis is normal age-related hearing loss, which typically includes loss of high pitched sounds and frequencies. With presbycusis, women’s voices are more difficult to hear than men’s, and patients may have trouble hearing when there is background noise. For these patients, hearing aids may be helpful.

SM Review Questions Flashcards

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