SLT - media

Question 1

Generally, how are males portrayed in the media compared the females?

Answer 1

In a wider range and higher status roles than females

Question 2

How are males and females portrayed in pop groups?

Answer 2

Females are singers

Males are musicians

Question 3

Which children develop stronger perceptions of gender roles?

Answer 3

Those who consume the media the most

Question 4

What does media influence?

Answer 4

The acquisition, shaping and maintenance of gender roles

Question 5

What is found about recent media influences?

Answer 5

They are more female dominated yet still reinforce traditional gender roles

Question 6

What is the issue with positive correlations being found between those who watch stronger TV and hold stronger gender stereotyped beliefs?

Answer 6

It is only correlational

Does not necessarily mean that TV is the cause of such attitudes

Question 7

What is the issue with viewing children as passive recipients of media messages regarding gender?

Answer 7

It is too simplistic
Children actively select what media they consume which suggests more cognitive input than the social learning theory suggests

Question 8

When does gender development occur and how does this weaken the argument for the input of media on gender development?

Answer 8

before the age of 4

Media influences are weaker then

Question 9

If media influences do have a negative effect, what should they equally be able to do?

Answer 9

Reinforce non-gender stereotypes

Question 10

What did Johnston and Ettema (1982) find?

Answer 10

Showed 12 year olds a programme designed to counter gender stereotyping and both sexes showed reduced gender stereotyping

Question 11

What did Hutson and White (1998) find?

Answer 11

• In US TV programmes, males almost always outnumber females, especially in children’s programmes
• With men shown in dominant roles and higher occupational status.
• Women in a narrow range of inferior roles and less able to deal with problems
• Illustrating the differences in gender role presentations

Question 12

What did Bee (2000) find?

Answer 12

Books, including picture books and early reading books, are gender stereotyped and that boys’ TV commercials are fast, sharp and loud compared with those for girls, which are slower, gentle and quiet.

Question 13

What did Gunter (1986) find?

Answer 13

Found that children categorised as “heavy” viewers of television hold stronger stereotyped beliefs than those who watch less TV

Question 14

What did Huston (1990) find?

Answer 14

Huston did not find Gunter’s findings surprising as by the age of 18, the average American child has spent more time in front of the TV that in a classroom, demonstrating the potential strength of the media influencer on gender

Question 15

What did Kivran-Swaine et al (2013) find?

Answer 15

Examined the relationship between language and gender on social media by analysing 78000 Twitter messages and found that women use more emotions language and had higher use of emoticons, especially when communicating with other females

Question 16

What did Pew Research Internet Project (2011) find?

Answer 16

Unlike other social media sites, LinkedIn was male dominated and this may be because the site caters for more male-dominated professional occupations.
Females had created 70% of the linked between users- women are more knowledgable than their male counterparts

Question 17

What was the aim of Steinke et al’s research (2008)?

Answer 17

To examine gender stereotyping in portrayals of scientist characters in television a programmes popular with middle school aged children

Question 18

What was the procedure of Steinke et al’s research?

Answer 18

• 14 TV shows watched by 12-17 year olds with a scientific element to them were selected
• criteria for identifying scientist characters were constructed
• 196 scientist characters were identified and the following characteristics were listed; sex, race, age, scientific status, marital status and parental status

Question 19

What were the findings of Steinke’s study?

Answer 19

• out of 196 scientistc characters, 113 were male (58%) and 83 were female (38%)
• male scientists were no more likely than females to be portrayed as high status
• slightly more married scientist characters were male
• female scientist characters were not more likely than male to be portrayed with feminine qualities of dependence and being caring and romantic

Question 20

What conclusions can be drawn from Steinke’s research?

Answer 20

• popular children’s TV programmes portray more male than female scientist characters
• male scientist characters were more likely to be portrayed with gender appropriate behaviours than female characters

Question 21

What evaluation points can be make for Steinke’s research?

Answer 21

• ## progress has been made in presenting scientific characters in children’s TV programmes in a non-biased way