Slp 1

Question 1

“Who gets what, when, and how.”

Answer 1

Harold Laswell

Question 2

Definition of Politics

Answer 2

The word politics was formulated by the Greeks during the 4
th and 5th century. It came
from the word “polis” which means city state. It deals with power in society in general. It is said
to be the art and science of government. It is also the making of collective decisions, the allocation
of scarce resources, and the practice of management and leadership. Politics was inseparable
from life in the polis or a place or state shared by a certain group of people.

Question 3

According to Plato and Aristotle, there are central concepts in politics:

Answer 3

Concept of justice
Concept of power
Concept on the right types of constitutions and governments
Concepts on political structures
Concept on the right and virtuous leadership

Question 4

Concept of justice

Answer 4

what and who is morally and politically right

Question 5

Concept of power

Answer 5

source of authority

Question 6

Concept on the right types of constitutions and governments

Answer 6

different types of
governments and states

Question 7

Concepts on political structures

Answer 7

different ideologies in a state

Question 8

Concept on the right and virtuous leadership

Answer 8

who should lead in a certain political
system.

Question 9

defined politics as an activity that involves the interaction of people,
whose relationship is characterized by conflict and cooperation, and who come together to solve
such disagreement through binding solutions. However, politics is no Utopian solution. These are
disparities that remain as such.

Answer 9

Heywood (2013)

Question 10

Characteristics of Politics (Shievely, 2013)

Answer 10

1. Politics always involves the making of collective decisions for group of people.
2. Those decisions are made by some members of the group exercising power over other
   members of the group.

Question 11

Is Politics good or bad?

Answer 11

The word politics may portray negativity. More often than not, it is linked to the
undesirable means of using dishonest or artful tactics to take hold of a governmental position or
to retain it. Actions involved in this practice may comprise of the preferment of personal agendas,
concession with politicians or administrative bodies, manipulation of entities, processes, or
choices, andexertion of force to attain political goals.

Question 12

Values of Politics

Answer 12

of Politics
1. Politics helps you to know your rights.
2. Politics clarifies what you yourself believe.
3. Politics is a living, breathing subject.
4. Politics helps you to understand our nation’s parties.
5. Politics prepares you for adult life.

Question 13

Definition of Political Science

Answer 13

Political Science is a social science discipline that studies the state and the government. It
is a systematized body of knowledge based on facts which deals with experimentation and
observation. Based on the given definition, there are four elements to become a science –
a.) body of knowledge; b.) based on facts; c.) deals with experiments; and d.) observation.

Question 14

Definition of Government

Answer 14

Government is defined as the group of people with the authority to govern a country or
state, a particular ministry in office (Oxford Dictionary). It is the instrument of the state through
which the will of the people is expressed, carried out, and formulated. Thus, the government
serves as the bridge that connects the people to the state.

Question 15

Definition of Governanc

Answer 15

Governance came from the Latin word gubernare and the Greek word kubernaein which
means “to steer”. It is a manner of steering or governing, directing or controlling a group of
people or a state.

Question 16

UNESCO for Asia and Pacific
formulated eight characteristics of good governance:

Answer 16

1. Participation
2. Rule of Law
3. Transparency
4. Responsiveness
5. Consensus-oriented
6. Effectiveness and Efficiency
7. Equitable and Inclusive
8. Accountability

Question 17

everyone can directly or indirectly partake in governmental processes

Answer 17

Participation

Question 18

there is impartiality of the legal framework and full protection of human
rights and dignities

Answer 18

Rule of Law

Question 19

information is freely accessible

Answer 19

Transparency

Question 20

service to all stakeholders with a reasonable timeframe

Answer 20

Responsiveness

Question 21

there is a general agreement or unanimity of views or opinions
an in facts

Answer 21

Consensus-oriented

Question 22

result-oriented and best performance within the
available resources

Answer 22

Effectiveness and Efficiency

Question 23

“fair and for all”

Answer 23

Equitable and Inclusive

Question 24

taking full responsibility of actions

Answer 24

Accountability

Question 25

Definition of Ideology

Answer 25

Ideology is a systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture. It is a
manner of thinking characteristic of an individual, group, or culture.

Question 26

Definition of Political Ideology

Answer 26

Political ideologies are a set of related beliefs about political theory and policy held by an
individual, group of individuals, or a particular social class.

Question 27

Political authority in all its form, and especially in the form of the state,
is both evil and unnecessary (anarchy literally means ‘without rule’).
o The sovereign, compulsory, and coercive authority of the state is seen as
a nothing less than legalized oppression operating in the interests of the
powerful, propertied, and privileged.
o Anarchist prefers a stateless society. Individuals can best manage their
own affairs through voluntary agreement and cooperation.

Answer 27

Anarchism

Question 28

Tradition must be conserve. These traditions include established
customs, institutions, and ways of doing things that have endured
through time.
o The belief in pragmatism highlights the limits of human reason. As a
belief, pragmatism emphasizes that the action should be shaped by
practical circumstances and goals.
o Human imperfection presents the pessimistic view of conservatives on
the individual. Accordingly, individuals are morally corrupt and are
therefore the sources of crime and disorder. Order could thus be
achieved through a strong state.
o Conservatives believe that society is an organic whole and is a living
entity, more than being an artifact of human ingenuity. This belief is
known as organicism.

Answer 28

Conservatism

Question 29

Ultranationalist ideology. As such, it subscribes to the idea of a supreme
race, whose members should enjoy the natural resources. It is by nature
exclusive as it excludes nonmembers of the race.
o Manifested during Mussolini’s fascist dictatorship in Italy and Hitler’s
dictatorship in Germany.
o Common values upheld are struggle, leadership, power, heroism, and
war.
o The “new man” or a hero who is motivated by duty, honor, and self-
sacrifice; and gives unrelenting obedience to the supreme leader is a
fascist ideal.
o Fascists believe in a unified national community of strength through
unity. As such, individual identity is not as important as that of the social
group or community.

Answer 29

Fascism

Question 30

A diverse but its unifying theme is the desire to enhance the social role
of women.
o Society is characterized by sexual or gender equality.
o The structure of male power must be overturned, hence the belief in
gender equality.
o Its strands include liberal feminism, socialist feminism and radical
feminism.

Answer 30

Feminism

Question 31

Belief in individualism underscores the importance of the human
individual compared to any other group.
o Liberty of the individual must be protected. An individual has freedom
when he or she is able to act as he or she pleases.
o Reason can lead individuals to make wise judgments, which could solve
issues or differences.
o Equality implies that individuals are born equal, at least in moral terms.
Equal rights and entitlements are at its core. It must be noted, however,
that liberals do not endorse social equality or equality of outcome

Answer 31

Liberalism

Question 32

Belief in the community highlights the degree to which the individual is
connected with others. Identify is therefore a product of social
interaction more than innate qualities.
o Brotherhood or fraternity speaks of a shared common humanity.
Socialist thus prefer cooperation rather than competition and collectivity
rather than individualism.
o Socialists look at society in terms of differences in the distribution of
income or wealth. Social class is believed to be an important social
cleavage, which divides societies.

Answer 32

Socialism

Question 33

Definition of Power

Answer 33

Power is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people. It is also the
ability of a person to influence another person or group to perform an act. In global politics,
power includes of a country to conduct its own affairs without the interference of other
countries.

Question 34

The Nature of Power

Answer 34

Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to get what you want,
or as scholar Kenneth Boulding said, power is “the ability to change the future.” Some
scholars make a distinction between three kinds of power– “power over,” “power to” and
“power with.

Question 35

“Power over”

Answer 35

the ability to dominate another person or group

Question 36

“Power to”

Answer 36

” is the ability to do something on one’s own

Question 37

“Power with”

Answer 37

is similar to “power to” in that it reflects ability, but “power with” is the
ability to work with others to get something done by cooperation.

Question 38

Types of Power

Answer 38

Expert power
Reward power
Legitimate power
Referent power
Coercive power

Question 39

Expert power

Answer 39

is based on what one knows, what experience one has, and/or what special skills
or talents one has. Expertise can be demonstrated by demonstration, by reputation, or by
offering appropriate credentials certifying expertise.

Question 40

Reward power

Answer 40

is based on the right of some to offer tangible, social, emotional, or spiritual
rewards to others for doing what is wanted or expected of them or to deny others something
tangible, social, emotional, political, or spiritual for failing to or refusing to do what is desired
or expected of them

Question 41

Legitimate power

Answer 41

results from one’s being elected, selected, or appointed to a position of
authority. Such legitimacy is conferred by others and this legitimacy can be revoked by the
originalgranters, their designees, or their inheritors.

Question 42

Referent power

Answer 42

stems from the affiliations we make and/or the groups/organizations we
belong to or are attached to. The ethos of our associates or groups to which we belong
become, to some degree, our own ethos.

Question 43

Coercive power

Answer 43

exists when the use of or the threat of force is made to extract compliance
from another. Force is not limited to physical means; social, emotional, political, or economic
force is also included. Coercion, in our society, is seen as inappropriate; however, many
victimizers and some victims Fail to recognize coercion or do not know how to counter
coercion when it befalls them. Coercion typically portends fear, distrust, a lack of positive
regard for the powerful, and no loyalty toward the powerful.

Question 44

Commitment

Answer 44

dedication to a cause or principle
Expert and referent power

Question 45

Compliance

Answer 45

the act or process of complying to a desire, demand, proposal, or regimen or to
coercion, conformity in fulfilling official requirements, the act or process of doing what you have
been asked or ordered to do; the act or process of complying.

Legitimate and reward power

Question 46

Resistance

Answer 46

the refusal to accept or comply with something

Coercive power

Question 47

Modern political science

Answer 47

Niccolò Machiavelli