SLK 210 Chapter 1 Flashcards
Biological perspective: 1 a - d 2a-e 3 a -f 4 Sub-disciplines
Key assumption: Development is determined by biological factors
Specific Theories:
1. Maturational Theory:
a. One of the first Biological theories by Arnold Gesell 1880- 1961
b.The natural unfolding of the biological plan, experience matters little.
c. Child does not need input from parents to excel, speech, play, and reason emerge naturally.
d. Discarded because little to say about the impact environment has on the child.
2. Ethological Theory:
a. View from an evolutionary perspective.
b. Behaviour is adaptive and has survival value (crying elicit caregiving.)
c. Konrad Lorenz, Goslings followed him more than their own mother due to seeing his movement first.
e. Imprinting; a form of learning that happens in a short span of a time-critical period is a certain amount of time for learning to take place if the learning takes place after or before that time it makes it hard for the learning to be learned or introduced.
f. Critical Thinking or Critical Time: physiological development, sensitive periods may as well be still sensitive after the period or before the period
- Evolutionary Theory:
a) Charles Darwin, Natural Selection,
b) Evolution: refers to the change in the inherited characteristics over successive generations.
c) these changes are caused by successful adapting and passing on those traits to their offspring.
d) Evolutionary developmental psychology; why children are crying to get the attention of andult for feeding and hunger, provides reasons for traits like aggression and possible solutions.
e) An extended childhood has developed for humans to develop larger brains in order to learn the complexities of human societies. Humans take longer to mature to the reproductive phase, because it takes longer to gain experience to be competent adults.
f) The biological perspective has gained support due to links that were made between the biological and psychological. Some disorders have a biological basis.
Sub disciplines:
Neuropsychology: focus is on nervous system and brain
Behavioural genetics: Study of genetics and behaviour
Psycho-endocrinology: Focus on behaviour and hormones play a role in sexualities and emotion.
Developmental issue 1
Nature vs Nurture:
Nature refers to Biological structure: Genetics, Neurological, Hormonal.
Nurture:
Environmental factors such as social and political.
Issues that makes it hard to solve N&N:
-Homosexualitity is seen as Nurture and Nature
1.Religion and Political cloud with emotion
2.Encompasses a wide variety of behaviour that it will support either or.
3. The cause of a specific behaviour is hard to prove.
Debate is no longer about which is more important but how each of these factors contribute spesifc behaviour.
Developmental issue 2
Continuity vs Discontinuity:
- Continuity is gradual like a tree, Discontinuity abrupt and occurring in distinct steps.
- Speech of children is continuity but sudden hormonal changes of adolescence are Discontinuity
- Will past, present predict future behavior? Not so reliable, human nature is just too complex.
Developmental issue 4
Universality or cultural context:
Question: Do all the children in the world follow Universal developmental pathways or are there clear differences along cultural lines?
-The golden rule of psychology is that every human is unique and psychologists should guard against the generalization of children.
- Non-Western countries have been working with Psychology books from Western worlds but there are vast differences between a non-Western child that uses cleaning as a chore to have community vs Western children that doesn’t clean or have chores.
- cultural contexts cannot be discarded
- Psychology use to believe that child development is universal.
Developmental issue 3
Passive or active involvement:
- Whether children are at the mercy of their environment or can they play an active role?
- John Locke’s blank slate theory is it only the environment that writes on the child’s slate or can he write and delete as well?
- Psychologists agree that environment influences and children can take an active part in their development.
- The unique way in which children cognitively and emotionally interpret their experience has an influence on their development.
Psychodynamic perspective
Sigmund Freud
1.
2. a-c
1.Unconscious psychological motives such as drives urges, and motives represent the oldest psychiatric and psychological perspective on child development.
- Freud Pscycho sexual theory:
a) physician who specialized in the diseases of the nervous system.
b) patients with no biological disorders, listened to patients history and developed psychoanalysis: which resolves people develop as well as they resolve unconscious conflicts they face at different ages.
c) The personality includes 3 primary components
- The ID: 1.a reservoir of instincts and drives
2. present a birth demands instant gratification
- The Ego: - Practical and rational component. Guides the ID’s impulsive demands to more socially acceptable demands. Id wants to grab the toy but Ego guides the child to play with the child and the toy.
-The Superego is the moral agent, internalizes the adult’s version of right or wrong. The id would tell the child to take the toy and run if the toy is unattended, but Superego will tell that it is wrong.
Psychodynamic perspective: Freud's psychosexual development phases: 1 a-b 2 a-b 3a-b 4 a-b 5a-b 6 Criteria from others
- Oral:
a)birth to one year
b) Sexual energy is around the mouth, energy is released through sucking. If oral needs were not complete, smoking, thumb sucking, nail-biting would occur. - Anal:
a)1-3
b) Sexual energy is centered around the anal area, the control of the elimination, if toilet training was forced to early it results in cleanliness, orderliness, and messiness and disorder. - Phallic:
a)3-6 years old
b)Sexual impulses transfer to genitals and the child finds pleasure in genital stimulation. Freud’s Oedipus conflict in boys and Electra complex in girls.
Sexually attracted to the other sex parent, causes anxiety, they identify with the same-sex parent’s characteristics and values, this is where the superego is developed.
c)The relations between id, superego, ego determine basic personality. - Latency:
a) 6-11
b) Sexual energy subsidies, superego develops further, energies is channeled in school and social activities. - Genital:
a)adolescence
b)sexual impulses reappear, express urges in socially acceptable ways, if development has been successful it will lead to mature sexuality and marriage. - a) Critisism patients retold the experiences, it wasn’t observed and he didn’t give attention to the cognitive of a child.
b) Impossible to research the unconscious, not been emprically proven and not only phase up to six is important, all life stages are important.
c) Lasting effects on child development.
1 Early experience can have enduring effects on adult
2. Children experience conflict between what they want to do and what they think they should do.
3. He stimulated debate as no other health practitioner before.
Psychodynamic perspective:
B.F. Skinner
Psychosocial Theory
1,2,3 and 8 Stages
1)Freud student, embrace the idea of subconscious conflict and not the biological - sexual side.
2) “Development consists of a sequence of stages, defined by a unique crisis or challenge.”
3)The earlier stages provide foundation for the later stages.
8 stages of psychological development
1) Basic trust vs mistrust, birth-1year, Develop a sense that the world is safe and a good place.
2) Autonomy vs shame& doubt,1-3 years old, to realize one is independent and can make decisions.
3) Initiative vs guilt, 3-6 Y, develop a willingness to try new things and handle failure.
4) Industry vs Inferiority, 6 - adolescent, to learn basic skills to work with others.
5) Identity vs Identity confusion, Adolescence, develop a lasting integrated sense of self.
6) Intimacy vs Isolation, Young adulthood, to commit to another in a loving relationship.
7) Generativity vs stagnation, middle adulthood, contribute to younger people, through child-rearing, voluntary community work.
8) Integrity vs despair, Late adulthood, to view one’s life as satisfactory and worth living.
