Chapter 1 Intro

Question 1

Outline some critical issues in abnormal psychology:

Answer 1

1. Defining what constitutes normal and abnormal behavior of different ages, sex, ethnic, cultural backgrounds.
2. Identifying the causes and correlates of abnormal child behavior
3. Making predictions about long term outcomes
4. Developing and evaluating methods for the treatment or prevention

Question 2

Describe important features that distinguish most child and adolescent disorders

Answer 2

1. When adults seek assistance for children it is not clear whose problem it is
2. Many child and adolescent problems involve failure to show expected developmental progress
3. Many problems behaviors shown by children are not abnormal
4. Interventions for children and adolescents are often to further the development rather than restore a previous level of functioning.

Question 3

Identify key historical breakthroughs in abnormal child psychology:

Answer 3

1. Johan Locke 1632-1704 “Children should be raised with thought and care rather than indifference and harsh punishments.
   -Rather than seeing children as uncivilized he saw them as emotionally sensitive beings who should be treated with kindness and understanding and given proper educational opportunities.
   -“The only fence against the world is the knowledge of it”
2. Joan Marc Itard 1774- 1838
   - Treated Victor at home for developmental delays rather than sending him to an asylum:
   “Victor of Aveyron” 11-12 years old - Non-verbal, incapable of attention, insensitive to basic sensations of hot and cold.
   Joan Marc believed the boy was mentally arrested and that the retardation can be reversed.
   -Reversed it by making him aware of his senses; massages, tickling, hot baths.
   -Result: After 5 years he could: identify objects, identify letters of the alphabet, comprehend many words, apply names to objects and he preferred social life above isolation.

Question 4

How where children’s mental health problems addressed and how did it change?

Answer 4

Roman and Greeks: 
-Disabled burden, scorned,put to death
-Devil has possessed them
Church
-Parents mistreat children
Before 18th century: Children where subjected toharsh treatment and ignored
-End of 18th century
Intrest in abnormal child behaviour
One piece of the puzzle,context? 
Indoginoues, reside witin the individual. 
Freud: 
Psychoanalytical theory
First clinician to think of childhood
Developmental model in his theory
Influencial:
Focus to much on unconciouss 
Behaviourism in response: 
-evidence based
-Pavlov
-Watson, Little Albert: emotion is conditioned and operant conditioning
- Intellectual disabilities

Question 5

Define psychological disorder and discuss implications of the definition

Answer 5

Patterns of behavioural,cognitive,emotional or physical symptoms linked with one or more of the following:
-Distress +
-Disability =
-Increased risk of further harm
•Culture and circumstances matter
= these charcteristics describe behaviours not causes

Not a response to circumstances: distress like grieve,
Not isolated, recures over time, display distress, impairment of function.
Understand child, parent and culture
-Diagnoses are the first step, treatment and remidiate

Implications:

• Describe behaviour not the people
• Stigmatization is a challenge
• Clients so scared to come to the room
• has Schizophrenia not is Schesophrenic
• DSM 5 is dictionary to describe the behaviours

Competence:
The child ability to adapt
Can they use internal and external resources
Process is different for different people
Context doesn’t allow

Question 6

Explain the purpose of defining psychological disorders:

Answer 6

…

Question 7

Consider some of the factors that influence a childs development and outcome

Answer 7

1. Competence:
   - adapting to the environment
   - process not the same for everyone: resistance, discrimination, context doesn’t aloow for competence.
2. Abnormal child psychology considers:
   The degree of maladaptivebehaviour
   The extent to which normal developmental milestones are met

Factors influencing:
Developmental tasks:
1. Broad domains
2. Not meeting expectations in developmental tasks

Question 8

Discuss the significanace of children’s mental health

Answer 8

Significance

Question 9

Identify some of the key factors that affect rates and expression of children’s mental disorders

Answer 9

Developmental pathways:
Multifinility: varous outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
Equifinility: similiar outcomes stems from different early experiences

Risk&Resilience
Risk Factor: a variable that precedes a negative outcome of intrest
•chronic poverty,divorce, disasters
NOT A CONCLUSION OR FOR CERTIAN

Protective Factor
A personal or situational variables that mitigates a childs developing a disorder
-Resilience= The ability to fight off or recover from misfortune
-Associated with string self-confidence,coping skills, avoiding risk situations
Connected to a protective triad of recources
-Strenght of a child
-Strenght of a family
-Strenght of the school/community

Key factors:

1. Poverity
2. Sex differences
3. Race&Ethnicity
4. Cultural issues
5. Child Maltreatment and Non-accidental Trauma
6. specail issuesconcerning Adolescents and sexual minorities
7. Lifespan implications

Question 10

Main gaols for studying psychological disoders in childhood:

Answer 10

Key factors:

1. Poverity
2. Sex differences
3. Race&Ethnicity
4. Cultural issues
5. Child Maltreatment and Non-accidental Trauma
6. specail issuesconcerning Adolescents and sexual minorities
7. Lifespan implications

Question 11

What is Abnormal Behaviour in Children and adolecents?

Answer 11

Various layers of abnormal behaviour and development
•Sentitive to each child’s stage of development
•deviancies from normal
-boundries between normal and abnormal are arbitrary
-behaviour should be understood in context
-“how do they cope?”