Slides #2

Question 1

Epidemiology

Answer 1

The study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why.

Used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed.

Question 2

PA epidemiology

Answer 2

Studies the causal relationship between PA, or lack of PA, and health. Also, studies the distribution and determines of PA/inactivity.

Question 3

How active Are Canadians

Answer 3

As few of 15% of adults are meeting the minimum recommend 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA per week.

Question 4

Observational study design

Answer 4

The development of disease or health outcome is observed and compared between those that participate in different levels of PA. Collect record, analyze data, on participants as they naturally divide themselves

Pros: researchers do not control/ manipulate PA levels of subjects, better for patients.
Cons: Subjects can lie on the questionairs when asked about PA

Question 5

Experimental Study Design

Answer 5

Random assignment of PA levels to individuals with out the disease or health outcome of interest.

Pros: study is very detailed constructs great information.
Cons: study takes along time over several months. Researchers control PA levels.

Question 6

Cross-sectional Study

Answer 6

A cross-sectional study provides and instant picture of the relationship between the disease or the condition of interest and physical activity levels at the same point in time.

Pros: cheap to perform
Cons: lack of temporal sequences and lack of evidence in some cases.

Question 7

Case-control Study

Answer 7

Identifies the cases (group known to have the outcome) and the controls (group free of the outcome). then look back (retrospective) in time to learn which subjects in group had the exposures comparing the frequency of the exposure in the case group to the control group.

Pros: cheap and not as time consuming
Cons: participants could lie on the questionnaire when asked about PA

Question 8

Prospective Cohort Study ( Aka longitudinal cohort study)

Answer 8

Follows overtime a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors understudy, to determine how these factors affect rates of certain outcome.( follows groups for several years one that does PA and one that does not and indicates if PA had a factor in and illness like diabetes)

Pros: large sample size
Cons: takes several years. Lie on questionnaire

Question 9

Randomized Clinical Trial

Answer 9

Participants are randomly assigned to receive either an intervention or no intervention (control) and two groups are followed for a period of time to determine if they differ.

Pros: No bias and less costly
Cons: random participants don’t get to choose. Can take long time.

Question 10

Incidence

Answer 10

Rate at which new case occur in a population during a specified period.

Question 11

Prevalence

Answer 11

Proportion of a population who have disease or attribute to a specified point of time.

Question 12

Mortality rate

Answer 12

Incidence of death from a disease

Question 13

Morbidity

Answer 13

Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of psychological or physiological well-being

Question 14

PA and fitness levels of Canadian adults

Answer 14

Body mass is over weight, waist circumference has increased and grip strength is getting weaker, but adults are getting more flexible.

Question 15

Odds ratio

Answer 15

Prevalence (or incidence) rate in 1 group divided by the prevalence (or incidence)rate and another referent group (odds ratio is always 1.0 in the referent group)

An odds ratio > than 1.0 in the comparison group indicates a higher risk that in the referent groups, while an odds ratio of < 1.0 = lower risk.

Question 16

95% Confidence interval

Answer 16

Indicates with 95% certainty that the true ratio score would fall within that interval; wider confidence intervals = less reliability

Question 17

Confounding variables

Answer 17

Related to both the intervention and outcome of interest; thus, may skew findings

Question 18

In class study

Answer 18

Hypothesis: Men in physically active jobs have a lower incidence of coronary heart disease disease than have men in physically in active jobs

Conductors and drivers: conductors had 30% lower incidence rate of coronary heart disease (CHD). They were also older when they developed CHD, had less severe disease, experienced lower case fatalities rate.

Conclusion: Employees in the position that required high physical activity had lower rates of CHD

Question 19

In class study strengthens and weaknesses

Answer 19

Strength: wide age range, same company, large sample size thousands of people.

Weaknesses: only males, don’t know what done after working hours, did not do a proper statistic analysis, stress of a driver did not include.

Question 20

PA Epidemiological research

Answer 20

Investigating association of recreational, nonrecreational and house of physical activity with disease risk.

Recognizing short bouts of Moderat PA greater or equally than 10 minutes in improving fitness and cardiovascular risk factors.

Incorporating objective measures to assess fitness, energy expenditure, and physical activity levels

Exploring which results in lower disease incidence in those that live with being overweight or obese: low or high fitness

Question 21

Key epidemiological finding

Answer 21

Those who are physically active 75mins a day do not have to worry about how much time they are spending being sedentary/ sitting.

Cdn PA guidelines: 30 PA a day and sitting 4-8 hour’s a day is ok.