Slide set 6- Respiration Flashcards
How does the body know when to breath?
When CO2 goes up, primary trigger in terms of chemoreceptors.
- Sensory output : the pneumotaxic center and apneustic center in the brain receives signals from the chemo receptors
- Relays to the medullary rhythmicity area
- The cerebral cortex can override the “automatic” control of the breathing…
=> breathing can be controlled, but mostly not controlled
What are the 4 pulmonary functions and their components?
- External respiration
- Pulmonary ventilation
- Pulmonary gas exchange - Transport of gases by the blood
- Pulmonary circulation
- Systemic circulation - Internal respiration
- Systemic tissue gas
- Cellular respiration - Regulation of respiration
What are the 2 main division of the respiratory system?
Upper respiratory tract
- To protect lower respiratory structures
Lower respiratory tract
- Organs within the thorax (trachea, bronchial tree, lungs)
*accessory structures (oral cavity, rib cage, and diaphragm…)
What are the inspiration and expiration muscles? when are they used?
Inspiration:
- Diaphragme
- External costal
Expiration:
- Intercostals
- Abdominal muscles
Expiration muscles are usually activated when labour breathing, when focusing air out… respiratory pathology like asthma
What are the 3 parts of pharynx (from upper to lower part…)?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What muscle does 75% of the work in the inspiration?
diaphragm
Pulmonary ________ bring blood from the heart to be _______, and pulmonary _____ brings blood back to the heart to be be _________.
Pulmonary ARTERIOLES bring blood from the heart to be OXYGENATED and pulmonary VEINS brings blood back to the heart to be be DISTRIBUTED through the rest of the body.
What is cleft palate?
- Fail to unite completely palatine bones from hard palate
- Only partial separation of the nose and mouth
- Produces difficulty breathing and swallowing
- Caused by a genetic or mutant gene
- Teratogenic ( chemical that affect fetus- Corticosteroids, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants)
- DEvelopmental defect resulting from decreased migration of neural crest cells
- If there is a gap in the gum, a bone graft may be sued to fill it
- 48% reduction in cleft palate by taking multivitamin with folic acid
What are the function of the nose?
- Hairs lining the nose cavity => serve as filter
- Turbinates provide a large mucus covered surface over which the air must travel => MOISTENS THE AIR
- Mucus also act as a trap
- when you have stuffy nose => swelling of the turbinates
Go look at pictures from slide 34-36, look at different parts
go
Describe the pharynx
- Connects upper and lower airways
- Tube like from base of skull to esophagus
- Divided in 3 parts: Oropharynx, Nasopharynx, Laryngopharynx
- Pathway for both digestive and respiratory tract
- Pharynx is also involved in speech as it changes shape to produce certain vowel and sounds
What are the accessory organs of the respiratory system?
- Oral cavity
- Rib cage
- Diaphragm
What are the organs included in the lower respiratory system?
- Trachea
- Bronchial tree
- Lungs
Describe the trachea
- Connects larynx to bronchi
- Is part of open airway to the lung (part of the outside body…)
- Smooth muscle in which are embedded cartilage C rings
- Made of hyalin cartilage
What do ciliated epithelium of the trachea do?
- Also produce mucus
- Their job is to push mucus
- Push up the larynx
What are the 3 layers of the bronchial walls?
- Epithelial
- Smooth muscle
- Connective tissue (hyalin cartilage)
Go see picture of slide 44, notice the goblet cells and and ciliated cells of the epithelium
Go