Slide set 1 Flashcards
Name level of organization within the body
- Molecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ systems
What makes a cell specialized?
Control of gene expression and unique cell-specific transcriptomes and proteomes
What are 4 factors essential for cell differentiation?
- Cell-cell communication
- Growth factors
- ECM (extracellular matrix) composition
- Cell location in differentiating embryo
Where are the trophoblast cells? in what type of cell assembly?
Trophoblast are found in the outside (le contour) of blastocysts
What is gastrulation in cell differentiation?
Gives rise to primary germ layers endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
What are the 3 major germ layors that form during gastrulation?
Mesoderm,
Ectoderm,
Endoderm
What cell and tissue type is arising from mesoderm?
Circulatory system, excretory system , muscles, connective tissue, organs
What cell and tissue type arises from Ectoderm?
Skin, lens of the eye, nervous system
What cell and tissue type arises from Endoderm?
Lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid and bladder
What are the 4 major tissues?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
What are characteristics of epithelial tissue?
One or more layers of densely arranged cells with very little ECM
What are the functions of the epithelium?
- Covers and protect the body surface (sheets)
- Lines body cavities
- Movement of substances, glandular activity (secretory)
Where do you find epithelial tissue?
Skin, lining of respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary, glands of the body
What are the characteristics pf Connective tissue?
few cells surrounded by lots of ECM
What are the functions of connective tissue?
- Connect
- Anchors
- Supports body structures -
- Transport
- Provides structural and metabolic support.
Where do you find connective tissue?
Bone, tendons, blood, fat
What is connective tissue made of? What makes it?
Made up of fibres in a protein and polysaccharide matrix, secreted and organized by cells in the ECM
- Variations in composition determines property of connective tissue (ex: calcium presence=> bone or teeth)
What are the main connective tissue cells that secrete ECM? What do they secrete and where?
Except for blood cells, all connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) secrete ECM molecules such as collagen to give support and form to structures
What are 2 types of specialized ECM forms?
- Tendons
- Cartilage
What are 2 types of connective tissue? What does it depend on?
- Loose or dense
- Depends on the arrangement of the fibres
What are the cells sitting in the ECM made of?
Glycoprots,
Fibrous prots
Glycosoaminoglycans
Name 1.characteristics of muscle tissue, 2.its function and 3.where it is found.
- made of long fiberlike cells
- Function: can contract and generate force
- Found in heart, skeletal muscle, surrounding hollow organs such as bladder and uterus
What type of muscle doesn’t have striations?
Smooth muscle (it contracts easily… ex: around uterus and stomach)
What are characteristics of Nervous tissue cells?
Cells are specialized for conducting nerve impulses, there are many types of nervous tissue
What are functions of nervous tissue?
Initiale and transmit electrical impulse
Where are nervous tissue found?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
What are characteristics of organ level?
An organ is made up of different kinds of tissues to perform a special function
Each organ has a unique size, shape, appearance and placement in the body
What is homeostasis?
constant state maintained by the body => when internal environment around body cells remains constant
The body adjusts variables to maintain a “set point” in an acceptable or normal range
Name exemples of homeostasis
- Temperature regulation
- Regulation of blood carbon dioxide
- Regulation of blood glucose level
(if you have low blood glucose, body will make adjustment to slow glucose uptake and keep more in the bloodstream. More glucose is also released by the liver)
What are the basic components of homeostatic mechanisms? What do they do?
SENSOR=> detects and reacts to any changes from normal set point
INTEGRATING, or CONTROL CENTER=> information is analyzed and if needed, a specific action is initiated
EFFECTOR MECHANISM=> Brings about the change to return to the set point
FEEDBACK=> process of information about variable constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator
What are characteristics of negative feedback control systems? Name and explain (with all basic components) an exemple
- Are inhibitory
- Act to reset physiological variables (stop the change… go back to normal)
- Are responsible for maintaining homeostasis i.e. stabilize system
- Are much more common than positive feedback control systems
EXEMPLE: Temperature regulation=> shivering
What are characteristics of positive feedback systems? name and explain (with all basic components) an exemple
- Are stimulatory
- Amplify or reinforce the
change that is occurring - Tend to produce destabilizing effects and disrupt homeostasis
- Bring specific body functions to swift completion
EXEMPLE: when giving birth ,
What are 3 levels of control of homeostatic mechanisms?
INTRACELLULAR control
- Operates within the cells - Genes or enzymes often regulate cell processes
INTRINSIC control
- Regulation within TISSUES or ORANS - May involve chemical signals (ex: growth factors in ovary...)
EXTRINSIC CONTROL
- Regulation from organ to organ - May involve NERVE SIGNALS - May involve ENDOCRINE signals (HORMONES)
