Slide Set 6

Question 1

What hypothesis talks about spinal joint lesions that may trigger facilitation induced reflexes that impair or disturb visceral function?

Answer 1

Somatoautonomic Reflex Hypothesis

Question 2

The somatoautonomic reflex hypothesis explains the purported effect of chiropractic adjustments on organ function or on total health through what?

Answer 2

Spinovisceral Reflexes

Question 3

Descending inhibition can affect neural transmission in what cells?

Answer 3

Dorsal Horn Cells

Question 4

Spinothalamic and dorsal column systems can be affected by what?

Answer 4

Centrally ordered mechanisms

Question 5

Peripheral modulation is segmental facilitation that may result from?

Answer 5

Failure of damaged skeletal tissues to heal properly

Question 6

Alterations of peripheral receptive fields may alter

Answer 6

spinal reflexes

Question 7

What is aberrant sympathetic or parasympathetic activity associated with SDF, RDF, or any phase of VSC?

Answer 7

Somatoautonomic Dysfunction

Question 8

Somatoautonomic dysfunction is a mechanism used to explain apparent effect of spinal manipulation on a wide range of what?

Answer 8

Visceral Disorders

Question 9

Somatic Visceral Disease Mimicry is an alternate theory to explain what?

Answer 9

Somatovisceral Diseases

Question 10

What is the actual cause of somatic visceral disease mimicry?

Answer 10

Somatic dysfunction mimicking symptoms of visceral diseases

Question 11

What appears to be the most prevalent type of somatoautonomic dysfunction?

Answer 11

Sympathicotonia

Question 12

What is probably the best justification for use of adjustment or CMT for other than pain syndromes?

Answer 12

Somatoautonomic Hypothesis

Question 13

What hypothesis involves tissue and cellular responses to injury in the spine and includes infiltration of histamine, protein derived factors, eicosanoids, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, degradative enzymes and substance P and prestegious development of spinal lesions?

Answer 13

Inflammation Hypothesis

Question 14

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 14

Rubor
Tumor
Dolor
Calor

Question 15

What inflammation constitutes significant portion of chiropractic cases?

Answer 15

Joint and Musculoskeletal pain

Question 16

What inflammation occurs after trauma?

Answer 16

Acute Inflammation

Question 17

What is the result of acute inflammation?

Answer 17

Redness & Swelling
Edema
Neutrophils and Leukocytes

Question 18

What inflammation can occur from onset?

Answer 18

Chronic Inflammation

Question 19

What is the results of chronic inflammation?

Answer 19

Arthritic problems
Lumphocytes and Macrophages
Angiogenesis

Question 20

It’s difficult to study what type of changes that occur following spinal manipulation?

Answer 20

Arthritic

Question 21

What are the most visible changes with inflammation?

Answer 21

Changes to Synovial Membrane

Question 22

How do you manage inflammation?

Answer 22

Diet low in saturated fats
Fish Oil
VSC phase 1 lesions management
Move the joint

Question 23

What is the most striking characteristic of advanced aging?

Answer 23

Loss of Movement

Question 24

What hypothesis includes partial or total fixation or immobilization of the spinal joints, especially when combined with trauma, commonly promotes pro inflammatory changes, cartilage and disc destruction and ostophytic bony and architectural changes?

Answer 24

Immobilization Degeneration Hypothesis

Question 25

What occurs with the earliest stages of immobilization?

Answer 25

Synovial fluid thickens or becomes viscous

Question 26

What is fibrofatty consolidation?

Answer 26

Fibrin precipitates out of solution and vacuoles of fatty substance accumulate.

Question 27

Eventual infiltration of cellular components forming a matrix for deposition of hydroxyapatite in the final stages of what?

Answer 27

Ankylosis

Question 28

When the articular capsule is in the neutral position it stresses how?

Answer 28

Equally distribution

Question 29

When integrity of cartilage is breached, invasion of blood elements from bone into synovial space accelerates what process?

Answer 29

Ankylosis Process

Question 30

What ligament changes depending on position of joint when immobilized and location of ligaments?

Answer 30

Collateral Ligament

Question 31

Ligaments that are stretched maintain normal properties longer and may resemble what?

Answer 31

Hypermobile Ligaments

Question 32

Ligaments that are shortened undergo what?

Answer 32

Contracture

Question 33

Tendons so what when shortened?

Answer 33

Contracture

Question 34

Tendons do what when stretched?

Answer 34

Retain Integrity

Question 35

In the nucleus pulpous loss of proteoglycans cause loss of hydrostatic pressure and the disc becomes?

Answer 35

Deflated

Question 36

What is seen with muscle during immobilization?

Answer 36

Loss of muscle mass

Question 37

Immoblization atrophy begins during the first few days of what?

Answer 37

Muscle Disuse

Question 38

What are the gross changes associated with immobilization?

Answer 38

``` Discomfort Pain Stiffness Initial period of laxity followed by contracture and decreased elasticity Prolonged = permanent impairment ```

Question 39

When the pt has acute LBP of sudden onset they are encouraged to do what?

Answer 39

Resume normal activities as soon as possible

Question 40

What is the treatment of osteoarthritis?

Answer 40

Chiropractic Nutrition Glucosamine Sulfate Stretches/Exercise

Question 41

What is a local failure by deformation within the multi segmented structure of the spinal column?

Answer 41

Buckling

Question 42

What causes failure of a structure by separation?

Answer 42

Fracture | Structural Tearing

Question 43

Failure of a structure by deformation may be?

Answer 43

Subtle

Question 44

Failure of coordination can lead to what?

Answer 44

Buckling event

Question 45

What factors are associated with buckling event?

Answer 45

Singe overload event Prolonged static posture Loading rate higher than 500 lb/sec Vibration

Question 46

How do you resolve buckling?

Answer 46

Apply external force Appropriate movement/exercise Manipulation