Slide deck 1

Question 1

What are hte three domains of life?

Answer 1

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 2

how were the three domains of life distinguished and how did that do it?

Answer 2

ribosomal RNA which is highly conserved

Question 3

what does LUCA mean?

Answer 3

last common ancestor

Question 4

what are the divisions of microbes?

Answer 4

cellular or acellular

Question 5

what are the types of cellular microbes?

Answer 5

eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Question 6

what are the types of acellular microbes?

Answer 6

viruses, viroids, satellites, and prions

Question 7

what are the types of eukaryote and prokaryote microbes?

Answer 7

euk: fungi and protists, prok: bacteria and archaea

Question 8

what are viruses composed of?

Answer 8

protein and nucleic acid

Question 9

what are viroids composed of?

Answer 9

RNA

Question 10

what are satellites composed of?

Answer 10

nucleid acid enclosed in a protein shell

Question 11

what are prions composed of?

Answer 11

protein

Question 12

T/F: there is direct evidence of the RNA world existing.

Answer 12

false

Question 13

when was the first DNA and life developed?

Answer 13

3.6 BYA

Question 14

What are modern cells made of?

Answer 14

DNA, RNA and protein

Question 15

what do proteins do?

Answer 15

cellular work but require DNA/RNA for their synthesis

Question 16

what are protocells, how are they different?

Answer 16

they most likely had a do it all cell rather than having DNA, RNA, and Protein all developing at the same time

Question 17

what was proposed to be the “do it all” molecule?

Answer 17

RNA since it is self replicating, and can act as ribozymes

Question 18

what was the original molecule capable of?

Answer 18

catalysis and replication

Question 19

what are ribozymes?

Answer 19

RNA enzymes that form peptide bonds, and perform cellular work and replication

Question 20

what were the earliest cells proposed to be surrounded by

Answer 20

liposomes

Question 21

how do we know about the first bacteria?

Answer 21

from fossils, bacteria itself does not fossilize well but since they live in communities we can see them

Question 22

what rocks consist of high levels of bacteria?

Answer 22

stralatalites

Question 23

How do we know rocks contain bacteria?

Answer 23

when run through a chromatograph we found hopanes (aka hopanoic acids) which are formed by hopanoids

Question 24

What is the proposed location of life’s beginning?

Answer 24

since UV light was too strong on Earth this needs to be under water to protect it and filter out the UV so no DNA mutations, underwater hydrothermal vent then make a primordial soup by feeding the bacteria hydrogen, sulfer, and iron, with a continuous source of heat

Question 25

What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

Answer 25

proposed origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts from an endosymbiote

Question 26

What is some evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 26

small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes show bacterial lineage and both mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes closely resemble bacteria.

Question 27

what organism is related to mitochondria supporting the endosymbiote theory?

Answer 27

proteobacteria which is a pathogen needing to get into other cells to replicate

Question 28

what organism is related to chloroplast supporting the endosymbiote theory?

Answer 28

prochloron, a photosynthetic bacteria

Question 29

what is the closest prokaryotic relative of eukaryotes?

Answer 29

Asgard archaea found in hydrothermal vents which contain genes unique to eukaryotes

Question 30

What does the closeness of our genome to Asgard archaea genomes imply?

Answer 30

they have been adapted to living within a eukaryotic environment and most likely merged with mitochondria to form eukaryotes

Question 31

who published *Micrographia* and what did it contain?

Answer 31

Robert Hooke with drawings of microbial structures of Mucor fungi

Question 32

why was the first microscope invented?

Answer 32

to check the threadcount of cloth

Question 33

What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek do for microbiology?

Answer 33

drew microbial cells and called them animalcules

Question 34

when was the germ theory of disease established?

Answer 34

~1900

Question 35

what are germs?

Answer 35

micro-organisms which cause disease

Question 36

what was thought to be the cause of disease prior to germ theory?

Answer 36

- unknown - supernatural causes - sin and moral explanations

Question 37

what are the 4 humors?

Answer 37

blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile

Question 38

what was disease defined as during the middle ages?

Answer 38

imbalance of humor

Question 39

what was the default treatment for illnesses?

Answer 39

bloodletting

Question 40

what is the spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 40

insects emerging from food not eggs

Question 41

what is the miasma theory?

Answer 41

smells emerged from food (aka bad air)

Question 42

who tested the spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 42

Francesco Redi

Question 43

what was the purpose of the swan-necked flask expirements?

Answer 43

to make more money for wine finding the best way to preserve and not grow mold

Question 44

define the swan-neck flask expirements

Answer 44

- placed nutrient solutions in flasks - created flasks with long, curved necks - boiled the solutions - left flasks exposed to air

Question 45

what was the results of the swan-necked flask expirements?

Answer 45

no growth of microorganisms when the neck is intact; when the neck is broken bacteria begins to grow

Question 46

What are Robert Koch's postulates?

Answer 46

established that a specific bacteria caused a specific disease - he invented cell culturing using agar, petri dishes, and nutrient broth

Question 47

when can you not use RK's postulates?

Answer 47

- for microorganisms not adaptable to lab environments - not well suited for viral diseases

Question 48

what was Koch's first postulate?

Answer 48

the same microorganisms are present in every case of the disease

Question 49

what was Kock's second postulate?

Answer 49

the microorganisms are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal in a pure culture

Question 50

what was Kock's third postulate?

Answer 50

inoculation of pure culture into a healthy susceptible animal produced the diease

Question 51

what was Kock's fourth postulate?

Answer 51

the identical microorganisms are isolated in pure culture from lesions of the experimental animal

Question 52

What are the importances of microorganisms?

Answer 52

- most populous and diverse group of organisms. - found everywhere on the planet - play a major role in recycling essential elements - source of nutrients and some carry out photosynthesis (great oxidation event) - benefit society by their production of food, beverages, antibiotics, and vitamins - some cause disease in people, plants, or animals (100/infinite microbes actually cause disease) - make life possible

Question 53

define hologenome.

Answer 53

animals grow up under the influence of their own genome and the products of the microbial genome

Question 54

define the concept of co-evolution.

Answer 54

animal evolution and development is profoundly shaped by interactions with microbes

Question 55

What are the three things that are changed regarding sterile germ free mice?

Answer 55

- altered gut structure - altered brain structure and function - relatively few immature immune cells.

Question 56

what do mothers give their babies via breast feeding?

Answer 56

human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs)

Question 57

why are HMOs important?

Answer 57

because these become the gut microbiome which stick to the large intestine and promote bacterial growth and shaping the immune system of the baby's gut.