Slide Deck 1

Question 1

What jurisdiction is CITES?

Answer 1

international

Question 2

What law(s) cover National protection of animals?

Answer 2

Endangered Species Act, and Provincial Hunting and Fishing regulations

Question 3

What protections are included by the various protection laws?

Answer 3

illegal capture, harvest, or sale, as well as, promotion of health and safety (e.g. disease transmission)

Question 4

what is wildlife DNA forensics?

Answer 4

Using animal DNA to answer legal questions including plants, bacteria, and a bunch of vertebrates

Question 5

what statutes are supported by wildlife forensics?

Answer 5

Canada Wildlife Act, or Species at Risk Act

Question 6

What is Wildlife DNA biology in terms of law/investigators?

Answer 6

tool used by investigators to identify: species, sex, individuals, parentage, and source population of collected evidence

Question 7

What are the DNA applications of Non-human/wildlife/pet/veterinary DNA forensics?

Answer 7

pervasive/expanding

Question 8

What is the principle of Non-human/wildlife/pet/veterinary DNA forensics?

Answer 8

most biological matter contains DNA

Question 9

What are the linkages and associated biological evidence of Non-human/wildlife/pet/veterinary DNA forensics?

Answer 9

• species strain
• individual
• population
• relative

Question 10

Where are uncommon places to find biological evidence/DNA?

Answer 10

air filters, dust, and water samples

Question 11

what is the critical importance of genetic information?

Answer 11

when put into databases it can provide the statistical context for linkage of evidence/samples (it is the key to forensic science and scientific method implimentation

Question 12

what are the challenges of wildlife DNA compared to human?

Answer 12

• different life histories
• different types of DNA
• different tissues (antler and eggs)
• fewer established protocols and databases

Question 13

why does wildlife forensic have unique concerns and challenges?

Answer 13

because of its broad taxonomic reach and the legal framework which the practices support

Question 14

what type of activities are dealt with through wildlife forensic science?

Answer 14

illegal trafficking in protected wildlife, illegal, unregulated, and unreported fisheries, and the illegal timber trade

Question 15

What does CITES stand for

Answer 15

commitee on international trade endangered species

Question 16

what are the services offered by the wildlife DNA forensic laborotatory services?

Answer 16

1. species identification
2. sex identification
3. individual identification
   - parentage analysis
   - geographic/population identification

Question 17

what is the goal of genetic species ID?

Answer 17

to prioritize sampling for DNA yield and preservation

Question 18

What are the two types of DNA barcoding?

Answer 18

DNA barcoding, and envDNA metabarcoding

Question 19

What are the sources of ivory?

Answer 19

elephant, mammoth, hippo, walrus, whales, and warthogs

Question 20

T/F: Ivory trade is illegal?

Answer 20

false, some legal, some not, depends on species and CITES

Question 21

what is a life history?

Answer 21

characteristics of a species, average age of death, birth dates, sex ratios, contribution to reproduction

Question 22

what is hard to detect for life histories

Answer 22

in some animals there may be several fathers for the children (snakes); clonal species (trees)

Question 23

What is the DNA analysis of wildlife forensics?

Answer 23

compare the evidence taken from the kill site and associated DNA from suspect

Question 24

what is OSAC

Answer 24

organization of scientific areas and committees: governing bodies for different scientific disciplines

Question 25

What is parentage identification?

Answer 25

SAR, but legally permitted breeding pairs

Question 26

what does parentage identification establish?

Answer 26

if animals in captive breeding program are/are not offspring of registered breeding pairs and the illegal movement of livestock during quarentine

Question 27

What industry is a massive issue with wildlife forensics?

Answer 27

timber/lumber

Question 28

What do you avoid/take when seeing a pile of guts?

Answer 28

avoid organs (they are biologically active), take things that have dried out very fast.

Question 29

What is the key conditions of tissues collected

Answer 29

Dry and cold

Question 30

what is a massive issue with wildlife forensics?

Answer 30

bark/timber

Question 31

How is DNA shearing dealt with?

Answer 31

by PCR

Question 32

degredation of DNA can occur from by what methods discussed in class?

Answer 32

heat, radiation, bacteria, hydrolysis reactions, autolysis, chemical degredation, fungal deterioration etc.

Question 33

Individualization of DNA can be found in less time due to what?

Answer 33

if there is a long strand of DNA with more variations

Question 34

Where can mtDNA and Nuclear DNA be found on a carcass?

Answer 34

hair shafts/hair plugs, blood quills, and ear cartilege

Question 35

What will tell you if the DNA found is the same species or not?

Answer 35

level of variation

Question 36

With the polar bear case study what kind of teeth were they? how did they know?

Answer 36

walrus, by analyzing the genetic variation

Question 37

What is the major issue of black bear gall in terms of PCR?

Answer 37

people put drops of them into liquor which impedes PCR