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Wildlife Forensic Science > Genetics Review > Flashcards

Genetics Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the question asked during biology sample processing and interpretation?

A

What species or species community

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2
Q

What is the biology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?

A
  1. DNA extraction
  2. DNA Quantitation
  3. PCR Amplification of Multiple STR markers
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3
Q

What is the technology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?

A
  1. Separation and Detection of PCR products (STR Alleles)
  2. Sample Genotype Determination
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4
Q

What is the genetics process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?

A
  1. Comparison of sample genotype to other sample results
  2. If match occurs, comparison of DNA profile to population databases
  3. generation of case report with probability of random match
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5
Q

What is the question asked during genetics sample processing and interpretation?

A

What population source?

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

the primary heredity information in most living organisms

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7
Q

Each base is attached to a ____ and a ____ and together they are called ____

A

sugar, phosphate, and called nucleotide

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8
Q

what are the methods of DNA degredation (include specifics)

A
  • elevated temps (>90C)
  • chemical treatments (low ionic strength salts, urea, formamide) that disrupt H-bonds
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9
Q

what are the main categories of DNA?

A

chromosomal, and non-chromosomal (extranuclear cytoplasmic)

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10
Q

What is nuclear DNA?

A
  • chromosomes and most of the coding genes for the organism
  • called nucleoid region in bacteria
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11
Q

What are the types of non-chromosomal DNA

A

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, and Viral

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12
Q

what is prokaryotic DNA?

A

circular or linear plasmids generally in bacteria

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13
Q

what is eukaryotic DNA?

A
  • mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
  • chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)
  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA)
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14
Q

what is viral DNA?

A

ds and ssDNA (linear and circular)

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15
Q

What shape is mtDNA?

A

double stranded and circular

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16
Q

how many copies of mtDNA in each cell?

A

500/cell

17
Q

T/F: all mtDNA is the same size.

A

false
mammals: ~17kb
plants: ~20-2500kb

18
Q

____ or ____ in mammals is non-coding with more ____specific variation

A

D-loop or control region in mammals is non-coding with more intraspecific variation

19
Q

how big is chloroplast DNA? How many copies in chloroplasts?

A

120-170 kb and 15-20 copies in mature chloroplasts

20
Q

what is the structure of cpDNA?

A

no histones, no introns, and circular double-stranded

21
Q

what is a genome?

A

all DNA associated with an organism or organelles

22
Q

What are important implications of the genome?

A

extraction, quantification, visualization, interpretation

23
Q

what does ploidy mean?

A

number of copies of chromosome set

24
Q

What are common outcomes in animals from polyploidy?

A

white sturgeon (normally 8x) get to 12x in farms;
chinook salmon 4x tetraploids common in amphibians, reptiles, and insects;
xenopus, african frogs, vary from 2 to 12x

25
Q

What are the types of structural variations?

A

insertions/deletions, inversions, duplications, and copy number variations

26
Q

what are SNPs?

A

single nucleotide polymorphisms

27
Q

something about epigenetics

A
28
Q

forensics is about detecting what?

A

variation in the population to understand the rarity of a piece of evidence being associated with a source

29
Q

For species ID what is needed for genetic variation?

A

you need to identify genetic variation conserved within specific but different between species

30
Q

For individual ID what is needed for genetic variation?

A

identify regions of high varitability within species

31
Q

a region of the genome is referred to as what?

A

locus

32
Q

What types of DNA might be useful for low template, degraded DNA and species ID?

A
33
Q
A

Wildlife Forensic Science (2 decks)

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