Genetics Review Flashcards
What is the question asked during biology sample processing and interpretation?
What species or species community
What is the biology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?
- DNA extraction
- DNA Quantitation
- PCR Amplification of Multiple STR markers
What is the technology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?
- Separation and Detection of PCR products (STR Alleles)
- Sample Genotype Determination
What is the genetics process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?
- Comparison of sample genotype to other sample results
- If match occurs, comparison of DNA profile to population databases
- generation of case report with probability of random match
What is the question asked during genetics sample processing and interpretation?
What population source?
What is DNA?
the primary heredity information in most living organisms
Each base is attached to a ____ and a ____ and together they are called ____
sugar, phosphate, and called nucleotide
what are the methods of DNA degredation (include specifics)
- elevated temps (>90C)
- chemical treatments (low ionic strength salts, urea, formamide) that disrupt H-bonds
what are the main categories of DNA?
chromosomal, and non-chromosomal (extranuclear cytoplasmic)
What is nuclear DNA?
- chromosomes and most of the coding genes for the organism
- called nucleoid region in bacteria
What are the types of non-chromosomal DNA
Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, and Viral
what is prokaryotic DNA?
circular or linear plasmids generally in bacteria
what is eukaryotic DNA?
- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
- chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)
- Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA)
what is viral DNA?
ds and ssDNA (linear and circular)
What shape is mtDNA?
double stranded and circular
how many copies of mtDNA in each cell?
500/cell
T/F: all mtDNA is the same size.
false
mammals: ~17kb
plants: ~20-2500kb
____ or ____ in mammals is non-coding with more ____specific variation
D-loop or control region in mammals is non-coding with more intraspecific variation
how big is chloroplast DNA? How many copies in chloroplasts?
120-170 kb and 15-20 copies in mature chloroplasts
what is the structure of cpDNA?
no histones, no introns, and circular double-stranded
what is a genome?
all DNA associated with an organism or organelles
What are important implications of the genome?
extraction, quantification, visualization, interpretation
what does ploidy mean?
number of copies of chromosome set
What are common outcomes in animals from polyploidy?
white sturgeon (normally 8x) get to 12x in farms;
chinook salmon 4x tetraploids common in amphibians, reptiles, and insects;
xenopus, african frogs, vary from 2 to 12x
What are the types of structural variations?
insertions/deletions, inversions, duplications, and copy number variations
what are SNPs?
single nucleotide polymorphisms
something about epigenetics
forensics is about detecting what?
variation in the population to understand the rarity of a piece of evidence being associated with a source
For species ID what is needed for genetic variation?
you need to identify genetic variation conserved within specific but different between species
For individual ID what is needed for genetic variation?
identify regions of high varitability within species
a region of the genome is referred to as what?
locus
What is life history?
characteristics over time
What does PCR mainly run on?
2+ ions, mainly Ca2+
What is the difference in DNA extraction in plants?
we need to get rid of the phenols and other chemicals that scrub the DNA sample
In what context can you use “match”
when comparing to a database
What are the purines?
Guanine and Adenine
what are the pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
what kind of reaction is adding another phosphodiester bond?
condensation
What are the different ways to dissociate DNA?
low ionic strength salts, urea, formamide, temperatures above ~95
What does Y mean in DNA?
pyrimadine
What does R mean in DNA?
purine
What does X/N mean in DNA?
any base
What does - mean in DNA?
gap
What types of genomes are primarily found in the cytoplasm?
mtDNA and chloroplast DNA
Where is nDNA found in bacteria?
nucleoid region
Why does mtDNA not really work for plants?
there is not very much genetic variation
How does the structure of mtDNA protect it?
it is circular, DNAases have problems eating circular and need linear
what are the good regions of DNA for species ID?
D-loop, COI nad Cyt-B
why do only mothers pass on mtDNA?
the male mitochondria live in the sperm tail which dissasociates when it comes into contact with the egg
T/F: mtDNA is haploid
true
T/F: there is recombination in mtDNA
false
T/F: there is no recombination for cpDNA.
true
mtDNA and cpDNA are similar in what ways?
no histones, no introns, and they have circular dsDNA
what kind of leaves have a lot of chloroplasts?
young green leaves
Generally, how big are genomes for most species?
1-10 Gb
how many base pairs are needed for genetic profile with nuclear DNA?
250 copies
how many base pairs are needed for genetic profile with mitochondrial DNA?
approximately 500
what is the molecular weight of DNA?
1.85*10^12 g/mol
What is epigenetics?
non-Darwinian passing on of traits
T/F: locus is plural
false, pl: loci
what is the general rule of thumb going into wildlife DNA testing?
do background reading/research
What are the steps of DNA analysis?
- extract DNA
- quantity and quality (is there enough?)
- amplification (via conserved primers)
- visualization
- interpretation
