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Genetics Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the question asked during biology sample processing and interpretation?

A

What species or species community

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2
Q

What is the biology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?

A
  1. DNA extraction
  2. DNA Quantitation
  3. PCR Amplification of Multiple STR markers
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3
Q

What is the technology process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?

A
  1. Separation and Detection of PCR products (STR Alleles)
  2. Sample Genotype Determination
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4
Q

What is the genetics process of DNA sample processing and interpretation?

A
  1. Comparison of sample genotype to other sample results
  2. If match occurs, comparison of DNA profile to population databases
  3. generation of case report with probability of random match
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5
Q

What is the question asked during genetics sample processing and interpretation?

A

What population source?

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

the primary heredity information in most living organisms

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7
Q

Each base is attached to a ____ and a ____ and together they are called ____

A

sugar, phosphate, and called nucleotide

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8
Q

what are the methods of DNA degredation (include specifics)

A
  • elevated temps (>90C)
  • chemical treatments (low ionic strength salts, urea, formamide) that disrupt H-bonds
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9
Q

what are the main categories of DNA?

A

chromosomal, and non-chromosomal (extranuclear cytoplasmic)

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10
Q

What is nuclear DNA?

A
  • chromosomes and most of the coding genes for the organism
  • called nucleoid region in bacteria
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11
Q

What are the types of non-chromosomal DNA

A

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, and Viral

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12
Q

what is prokaryotic DNA?

A

circular or linear plasmids generally in bacteria

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13
Q

what is eukaryotic DNA?

A
  • mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
  • chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)
  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA)
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14
Q

what is viral DNA?

A

ds and ssDNA (linear and circular)

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15
Q

What shape is mtDNA?

A

double stranded and circular

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16
Q

how many copies of mtDNA in each cell?

A

500/cell

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17
Q

T/F: all mtDNA is the same size.

A

false
mammals: ~17kb
plants: ~20-2500kb

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18
Q

____ or ____ in mammals is non-coding with more ____specific variation

A

D-loop or control region in mammals is non-coding with more intraspecific variation

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19
Q

how big is chloroplast DNA? How many copies in chloroplasts?

A

120-170 kb and 15-20 copies in mature chloroplasts

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20
Q

what is the structure of cpDNA?

A

no histones, no introns, and circular double-stranded

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21
Q

what is a genome?

A

all DNA associated with an organism or organelles

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22
Q

What are important implications of the genome?

A

extraction, quantification, visualization, interpretation

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23
Q

what does ploidy mean?

A

number of copies of chromosome set

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24
Q

What are common outcomes in animals from polyploidy?

A

white sturgeon (normally 8x) get to 12x in farms;
chinook salmon 4x tetraploids common in amphibians, reptiles, and insects;
xenopus, african frogs, vary from 2 to 12x

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25
What are the types of structural variations?
insertions/deletions, inversions, duplications, and copy number variations
26
what are SNPs?
single nucleotide polymorphisms
27
something about epigenetics
28
forensics is about detecting what?
variation in the population to understand the rarity of a piece of evidence being associated with a source
29
For species ID what is needed for genetic variation?
you need to identify genetic variation conserved within specific but different between species
30
For individual ID what is needed for genetic variation?
identify regions of high varitability within species
31
a region of the genome is referred to as what?
locus
32
What is life history?
characteristics over time
33
What does PCR mainly run on?
2+ ions, mainly Ca2+
34
What is the difference in DNA extraction in plants?
we need to get rid of the phenols and other chemicals that scrub the DNA sample
35
In what context can you use "match"
when comparing to a database
36
What are the purines?
Guanine and Adenine
37
what are the pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
38
what kind of reaction is adding another phosphodiester bond?
condensation
39
What are the different ways to dissociate DNA?
low ionic strength salts, urea, formamide, temperatures above ~95
40
What does Y mean in DNA?
pyrimadine
41
What does R mean in DNA?
purine
42
What does X/N mean in DNA?
any base
43
What does - mean in DNA?
gap
44
What types of genomes are primarily found in the cytoplasm?
mtDNA and chloroplast DNA
45
Where is nDNA found in bacteria?
nucleoid region
46
Why does mtDNA not really work for plants?
there is not very much genetic variation
47
How does the structure of mtDNA protect it?
it is circular, DNAases have problems eating circular and need linear
48
what are the good regions of DNA for species ID?
D-loop, COI nad Cyt-B
49
why do only mothers pass on mtDNA?
the male mitochondria live in the sperm tail which dissasociates when it comes into contact with the egg
50
T/F: mtDNA is haploid
true
51
T/F: there is recombination in mtDNA
false
52
T/F: there is no recombination for cpDNA.
true
53
mtDNA and cpDNA are similar in what ways?
no histones, no introns, and they have circular dsDNA
54
what kind of leaves have a lot of chloroplasts?
young green leaves
55
Generally, how big are genomes for most species?
1-10 Gb
56
how many base pairs are needed for genetic profile with nuclear DNA?
250 copies
57
how many base pairs are needed for genetic profile with mitochondrial DNA?
approximately 500
58
what is the molecular weight of DNA?
1.85*10^12 g/mol
59
What is epigenetics?
non-Darwinian passing on of traits
60
T/F: locus is plural
false, pl: loci
61
what is the general rule of thumb going into wildlife DNA testing?
do background reading/research
62
What are the steps of DNA analysis?
1. extract DNA 2. quantity and quality (is there enough?) 3. amplification (via conserved primers) 4. visualization 5. interpretation
63

Wildlife Forensic Science (13 decks)

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