Slide 4

Question 1

What are taste buds?

Answer 1

• Clusters of receptors

- located around papillae

Question 2

5 types of taste

Answer 2

-sweet
-sour
-bitter
-umami
salty

Question 3

Which two types of taste act on ion channels?

Answer 3

• salty

- sour

Question 4

True or false: each type of taste has a specific area on the tongue

Answer 4

false

Question 5

Taste pathway

Answer 5

1)taste receptors on the tongue
2)solitary nucleus of the medulla
3)ventral posterior nucleus (thalamus)
4)Primary gustatory pathway
5)

Question 6

Is the taste pathway bilateral or ipsiateral?

Answer 6

ipsilateral

Question 7

What determines perceptual qualities of sound?

Answer 7

-physical characteristics of sound waves

Question 8

Name 3 types of physical dimensions and the perceptual dimensions that correspond with them

Answer 8

• amplitude (loudness)
• frequency (pitch)
• complexity (timbre)

Question 9

what is amplitude measured in

Answer 9

decibells

Question 10

Define coimplexity of sound

Answer 10

timbre/quality of sound

Question 11

Three divisions of ear

Answer 11

• outer
• middle
• inner

Question 12

Function of the outer ear

Answer 12

deflects sound towards ear canal

-assists in sound localization

Question 13

Function of middle ear

Answer 13

-amplifies signal

Question 14

Function of inner ear

Answer 14

Converts sound to neural activity

Question 15

Where is the cochlea located

Answer 15

inner ear

Question 16

What are the two membranes of the cochlea?

Answer 16

• basilar membrane

- tectorial membrane

Question 17

What is the function of the basilar membrane

Answer 17

• contains hair cells

- which are receptors

Question 18

Where is the tectorial membrane located

Answer 18

sits on top of hair cells

Question 19

Sound info process

Answer 19

1) Vibrations bend basilar membrane in cochlea
2) bends hair cells
3) generates neural signal (changes in receptor potential)

Question 20

How does the ear code for pitch?

Answer 20

• different frequencies
• stimulate hair cells
• on diff parts
• of basilar membrane

Question 21

Is the sound pathway bilateral or ipsilateral?

Answer 21

bilateral

Question 22

Sound pathway

Answer 22

1) Auditory nerve connects to cochlear nuclei in brain stem
2) Cochlear nuclei connects to superior olivery nucleus
3) inferior colliculus
4) medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
5) Primary auditory cortex
6) Secondary/association cortical areas

Question 23

Where is the superior olivery nucleus located?

Answer 23

hindbrain

Question 24

Where is the inferior colliculus located?

Answer 24

midbrain

Question 25

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 25

- lateral fissure | - superior temporal gyrus

Question 26

Where is the secondary auditory cortex located?

Answer 26

surround primary cortex

Question 27

How is auditory cortex organized?

Answer 27

tonotopically

Question 28

What does it mean when the auditory cortex is organized tonotopically?

Answer 28

- columns respond to a certain sound | - of a certain frequency

Question 29

What 2 pathways are in the auditory association cortex?

Answer 29

- anterior pathway (to prefrontal cortex) | - posterior pathway (to posterior partietal cortex)

Question 30

Function of anterior pathway

Answer 30

identifying the sound | 'what' pathway

Question 31

Function of posterior pathway

Answer 31

identifying location of the sound | 'where' pathway

Question 32

Where does anterior pathway lead to?

Answer 32

prefrontal cortex

Question 33

Where does posterior pathway lead to?

Answer 33

posterior parietal cortex

Question 34

How can we localize sound?

Answer 34

- differences in arrival time | - differences in amplitude

Question 35

What part of sound system is responsible for detecting differences in arrival time?

Answer 35

medial superior olives

Question 36

What part of sound system is responsible for detecting differences in direc

Answer 36

lateral superior olives

Question 37

What are the effects of damage to middle/outer ear?

Answer 37

- conductive hearing loss | - hard to conduct sound vibrations

Question 38

What is the cause of damage to inner ear?

Answer 38

damage to: - cochlea - hair cells - auditory nerve

Question 39

What are the effects of damage to inner ear?

Answer 39

nerve deafness

Question 40

What are the effects of brain stem damage

Answer 40

loss of sound localization

Question 41

What is an example of brain stem damage

Answer 41

damage to superior olives

Question 42

What are the effects of damage to the auditory cortex?

Answer 42

- little deficits to sound localization - but disrupts ability to localize brief sounds - disrupts recognition of complex sounds - auditory agnosia - pure word deafness

Question 43

What is auditory agnosia?

Answer 43

inability to recognize non verbal sounds

Question 44

What is pure word deafness

Answer 44

inability to recognize spoken words