Slide 1 Flashcards by Anna Ye

What 2 parts is the central nervous system broken up into?

brain

- spinal chord

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What 2 parts are in the peripheral nervous system?

autonomic

- somatic

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What 2 parts are the somatic and autonomic parts both broken into?

afferent

- efferent

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Sensory neurons are efferent or afferent?

afferent

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From where to where to afferent neurons carry signal?

PNS -> CNS

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What is another name for motor neurons?

efferent

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From where to where do efferent neurons carry signal?

CNS -> PNS

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Function of somatic nervous system

carries sensory/motor info to and from CNS

- responsible for voluntary response

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Function of autonomic nervous system

-responsible for involuntary response

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Autonomic nervous system broken into what 2 types of nervous system?

sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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Function of sympathetic nervous system

arouses body

- eg. dilates pupils

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Function of parasympathetic nervous system

relaxes body
preserves energy
eg. constricts pupils

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Name 5 examples of the sympathetic nervous system at work

dilates puils
inhibits salivation
bronchial dilation
orgasm/ejaculation
stimulates glucose release by liver

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Name 5 examples of the parasympathetic nervous system at work

contstricts pupils
stimulates salivation
bronchial constriction
decreases heart rate
contracts bladder

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Name 2 types of staining methods

Golgi stain

- Nissl stain

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What is golgi stain used for?

seeing shape of individual neurons

- selectively stains some neurons but not others

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What is Nissl stain used for?

counting cell bodies in an area

- common for verifying that brain lesion was in the right spot

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What is electron microscopy?

used for examining fine anatomical details

- each neuron receives numerous synaptic contacts

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What is tract tracing used for?

examining connections between regions

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What are the two types of tract tracing?

anterograde

- retrograde

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What is anterograde tracing?

-traces projections
-from cell body
-down axon
-to the terminal
(cell body -> axon)

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What is retrograde tracing?

-traces neural connections
-from the terminals (synapse)
to their source (cell body)

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Name 3 methods used to study gross anatomy to fine details

1) Staining
2) Electron Microscopy
3) Tract Tracing

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Define the DORSAL direction

towards the back

- or top of head

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Define the VENTRAL direction

- towards the stomach | - towards the bottom of heard

Define the ANTERIOR direction

- towards the nose | - front of head

What is another name for the anterior direction

rostral

Define the POSTERIOR direction

- towards the tail | - back of head

What is another name for the posterior direction?

caudal

Define the MEDIAL position

- towards the center | - away from the side

Define the LATERAL position

- towards the side | - away from the center

Define the PROXIMAL position

nearby

Define the DISTAL position

further away

Name 4 different views of the brain

- Lateral Surface - Medial Surface - Dorsal Surface - Ventral Surface

Describe the lateral surface view of the brain

view from the side

Describe the Medial surface view of the brain

view from midline | -internal

Describe the dorsal surface view of the brain

- view from the top | - can see both hemispheres

Describe the ventral surface view of the brain

- view from the bottom | - cranial nerves visible

Name the 3 different planes that the brain can be cut along

- Coronal (aka. frontal) - Sagittal (aka. as seen from the side) - Horizontol (aka. transverse, as seen from above)

What is unilateral?

found on one side of the body

What is bilateral?

found on both sides of the body

What are the terms unilateral and bilateral used to describe?

used to say whether damage is on one or both sides

What is Ipsilateral?

on the same side of the body | -eg projections stay on the same side of the brain

What is Contralateral?

- on opposite sides of the body | - eg. projections crossed from one side of the brain to the other side

What is the meninges?

membrane that covers and protects brain and spinal cord

What is the purpose of meninges?

protection

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

- dura mater - arachnoid - pia mater

Describe the dura mater

- outer most layer of the meninges - strong membrane - thin membrane

Describe the arachnoid

- middle layer | - there is a space under this layer

Describe the Pia Mater

- inner most layer | - right on top of the surface of the brain

Describe the cerebral ventricles

- cushions brain - aids in providing nutrients - filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Describe the blood brain barrier

- protects brain - tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls - prevent entry of many molecules eg. toxins

What are the 3 regions that the brain is divided into?

- Forebrain - Midbrain - Hindbrain

What are the 2 divisions of the forebrain?

- Telencephalon | - Diencephalon

What is meningitis?

Infection in the meninges membrane

What does the telencephalon consist of?

- all of the cerebral cortex | - aka. cortical areas

What does the diencephalon consist of?

- Thalamus | - Hypothalamus

Describe the thalamus

- subcortical - important for relaying sensory info - consists of left and right thalamus

Where is the hypothalamus located?

-right underneath the thalamus

Name the 3 sections of the hypothalamus

- optic chasm - pituitary gland - mammillary bodies (in inferior surface of hypothalamus)

What is another name for the midbrain?

Mesencephalon

What 2 parts is the mesencephalon composed of?

- tectum (rear portion of midbrain) | - tegmentum

What are the 2 divisions of the hindbrain?

- Metencephalon | - Myelelcephalon

What two parts does the tectum consist of?

- inferior colliculus | - superior colliculus

From where does the superior colliculus receive input?

- retina | - visual cortex

Where is the tegmentum located?

in front of the tectum

From where does the inferior colliculus receive input?

-crossed and uncrossed auditory fibres

What are the 2 parts of the metencephalon?

- pons | - cerebellum

What is located in the myelencephalon?

medulla

Function of medulla

- regulates breathing | - regulates heart/blood vessel function

Describe cerebral commissures

-fiber bundles that connect the two cerebral hemispheres

What is gray matter?

- composed largely of cell bodies | - unmyelinated interneurons

What is white matter?

- composed largely of myelinated axons | - nerve fibers

What is a sulcus?

depression or shallow groove in the cerebral cortex | surrounds gyrus to form appearance of folds

What is a gyrus?

elevations between the grooves (sulci) | surrounded by sulci to form appearance of folds

What are fissures?

deeper grooves

Name 2 major landmarks that divide the lobes

- lateral fissure | - central sulcus

What is the point of humans having lots of folds in the cerebral cortex?

- expands surface area | - implies complex function

Name the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

- occipital (visual cortex) - frontal (motor cortex) - parietal (somatosensory cortex) - temporal (auditory cortex)

Function of frontal lobe

movement

Function of parietal lobe

sense of touch

Function of occipital lobe

vision

Function of temporal lobe

hearing

Which fissure separates the parietal and frontal lobes?

central

Which fissure separates the temporal and frontal lobes?

lateral