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Question 1

Social services

Answer 1

Non-monetary personal or community services, such as daycare, housing, crisis intervention, and support groups, provided by the state and non-profit organizations.

Question 2

Income security

Answer 2

Income support in the form of social insurance, social assistance, and income supplementation that can be unconditional or based on an income or needs test; it can also be provided through the tax system.

Question 3

social policies

Answer 3

Overall rules and regulations, laws, and other directives that set the framework for social welfare activity (e.g., child welfare legislation)

Question 4

Social programs

Answer 4

Specific initiatives that follow from and implement welfare policies (e.g., Child Tax Credit)

Question 5

Public welfare

Answer 5

Provided through the three levels of government: federal government, provincial/ territorial governments, and municipal governments

Question 6

Private welfare

Answer 6

Funded by voluntary charitable contributions and private organizations
Non-profit organizations. Provide a service/activity, but not to create a profit
For-profit organizations. Provide services for a fee and generate a profit for the owner offering the services

Question 7

Social Problem: “Poverty”

Answer 7

Approaches that locate the problem in the human being - residual - selective - more private welfare - conservatism/neo

Approaches that locate the problem in social structures - institutional view - universal programs - more public welfare - socialism

Question 8

4 key concepts of the CASW

Answer 8

Social change/social justice. Social workers seek to redistribute wealth in favour of those less well-off.
Problem solving. They involve their clients and use problem solving to formulate possible plans of action.
Person in environment. They examine the relations between individuals and their environments.
Empowerment. They seek to give clients a sense that they have control over the course of their lives.

Question 9

ABCs self care

Answer 9

Awareness. Knowing yourself, your needs, and your limits and your coping mechanisms.
Balance and boundaries. Finding a balance between work, play, rest, and home activities.
Consultation and connection. Consult with colleagues, supervisors, and/or other supports available to you.

Question 10

Information technology has changed the ways in which social workers respond to the demands of practice in virtually every area of the profession.

Answer 10

At the practitioner level. Email, Internet-mediated direct practice, and vast sources of information for evidence- based practice are commonplace.
At the agency level. Software programs are used for service planning and delivery and for case management reporting (NASW, 2005).

Question 11

Theindustrial revolution

Answer 11

was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines,…, …

Two major characteristics of the IR?
industrialization and urbanization

Question 12

The 19th Century: The Era of Moral Reform

Answer 12

Earliest forms of SW: Private charities and poor relief
Deserving poor & undeserving poor
COS & The Settlement House Movement

Question 13

At the Turn of the 20th Century: The Era of Social Reform

Answer 13

Scientific Philanthropy
The rise of trained social workers Social Casework (Freudian approach); Social Gospel Movement

Question 14

The Mid-20th Century: The Era of Applied Social Science

Answer 14

Diagnostic approach v.s. Functional approach
The expansion of social services and social work

Question 15

The Era of Moral Reform
19th century

Answer 15

In the nineteenth century, public assistance in English Canada largely followed England’s example.
Due to rapid industrialization, early English legislation required local parishes provided “relief” to poor people if they were elderly, ill, or disabled.
The parishes were organized by the Church of England.
Each had a local council that was responsible for assisting the poor, or providing “poor relief.”
The Poor Law of 1601 carefully distinguished b/t two types of relief: deserving poor and undeserving poor.

Question 16

Early in the 19th century, private charities associated with religious organizations predominated in “poor relief”.

Answer 16

Following a request for assistance, a charity visitor would be designated to visit and interview the applicant in his or her home.
A visitor’s first task was to classify the applicant as either “deserving” or “underserving” poor.
Offering material relief
Offering lessons in moral ethics.
The early relief provided by these volunteers in numerous charities and church parishes was soon deemed disorganized and inefficient, as there was very little regulation or coordination
Ex) fraud, duplicity, and inefficiency

Question 17

Charity Organization Society
19th century

Answer 17

The London-based Charity Organisation Society was created to coordinate the efforts of many different charities.
The COS brought order to the chaos created by the activities of 640 charitable institutions.
The voluntary work conducted under the auspices of the COS was possibly the most widespread attempt to help the poor.
The friendly visitors were volunteers generally elite men and women from the upper classes and people from the ranks of the emerging professional and business classes.
Let’s use rational thoughts rather than emotional responses.
Concept is to run charity in a scientific way, much in the same way that a business would be run.
They believed that poverty was the fault of the individual.
Based on preconceived moral judgements and presuppositions about the poor.
It could lure a person from thrift and hard work into a life of dependency and reliance on handouts.
The visitors could serve as models of the value of hard work and thrift.

Question 18

The settlement house movement
19th century

Answer 18

The term derived from the notion of “settling in,” whereby relief workers would take up residence in the very neighbourhoods they were helping.
It brought the youth of the educated middle class and the charitable gentry to live among and help urban residents.
The idea was
“to bridge the gap that industrialism had created between rich and poor,
to reduce the mutual suspicion and ignorance of one class for the other, and
to do something more than give charity….
They would make their settlement and outpost of education and culture”
The first settlement house was established in the east end of London in 1884. It was named Toynbee Hall, after Arnold Toynbee, an Oxford University historian who had settled in the same neighbourhood and had died in 1883.
The settlement house movement was a major factor in the emergence of social work.

Question 19

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

Answer 19

Jane Addams is considered the founder of the social work profession in the U.S.
A pioneer settlement activist/reformer and social worker, she co-founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889.
She was a leader in the women’s suffrage and world peace movements.
In 1931, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Question 20

COS vs SHM

Answer 20

COS
Missionary motive
Moral issue moral reform
Well established people expressed a pious concern for those whom they perceived as strangers and outsiders (un-churched).
Casework (counseling…)
Mary Richmond (1917; Social Diagnosis)

SHM
Solidarity motive
Social concern Social reform
It developed among the immigrant groups as forms of mutual aid and solidarity in a threatening environment.
Community work and social justice
Jane Addams (1889; Hull House)

Question 21

Rise of trained SW

Answer 21

Modern casework was strongly influenced by Mary Richmond (1861-1928), who worked for the Charity Organization Societies of Baltimore and Philadelphia.
Richmond argued that the casework technique could approach a “scientific understanding of social dynamics and human behaviour.”
Her 1917 text, Social Diagnosis, was widely used in training relief workers.
She borrowed the term, “diagnosis” from medicine. “medical model of social work”
The social work process: (p. 42)

Question 22

Social Gospel Movement
20th century

Answer 22

During the era of social reform, Canadian social work was strongly influenced by the Social Gospel Movement.
Socially oriented church (e.g., Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian) members pushed for a “social gospel” concerned with justice and social action.
Their interests included social inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, the environment, child labour, labour right, etc.
The Social Gospel wings of these churches started many of the settlement houses in Canada.

Question 23

J.S. Woodsworth (1874-1942)
20th century

Answer 23

James Shaver Woodsworth observed the failure of industrial capitalism to meet the needs of working people.
Founded and served as secretary of the Social Welfare League in 1913.
Greatly influenced by (and greatly influenced) the labour movement.
Woodsworth is a founding member of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF, later to become the New Democratic Party), on Social Gospel principles.
The CCF, led by

Question 24

The Great Depression of the 1930s

Answer 24

The Great Depression started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It had devastating social and economic effects.
Personal income, tax revenue, and profits plummeted.
Unemployment rose to 25-33 percent.
For many Canadians, the Depression shattered the idea that market forces should be left unregulated.
Most people came to view unemployment as a socio-economic problem requiring a national response, rather than as a personal problem to be solved by charity.

The Great Depression played a significant role in the shaping of Canada’s welfare state and in the expansion of the social work profession.
This growth led to government-funded social programs and a need for trained social workers to run these programs.
The number of social workers (1,805) increased 65% from 1931 to 1941.

Question 25

dismantling
late 20th century

Answer 25

The Dismantling of the Welfare State
In 1980, the Liberal Party of Canada, led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, resumed office during a period of double-digit inflation and a severe recession.
In 1984, the Conservatives, led by Brian Mulroney, took office.
Following the 1980s, advanced capitalist countries such as Canada systematically began to dismantle the welfare state.
Responsibility for the well-being of citizens shifted from the community to individuals and families.
Much of the social welfare foundation established in Canada after World War II began to unravel.

Question 26

Neo-liberalism
late 20th century

Answer 26

The rise of what has been coined “neo-liberalism” characterized this period.
Advocates of neo-liberalism support extensive privatization, fiscal austerity, deregulation, free trade, and reductions in government spending.
This period also saw increasing income inequality, with the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer.
In many nations, especially poorer ones, economic restructuring and cutbacks to social programs have been imposed by international agencies, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

Question 27

Changes in Social Work Practice
late 20th century

Answer 27

Overall, changes in government policy were reflected in changes of emphasis within the social work profession.
Welfare became less universal and more targeted to specific categories of individuals and families. Funding Cut!
Increased emphasis was placed on demonstrating measurable results and on justifying every public dollar spent
Scientific management techniques and tighter funding imposed new ways of thinking.
The client’s needs were no longer necessarily at the top of the list.

Question 28

21st cenutry

Answer 28

Modern Social Movements: Finding Allies
Modern social movements are focused on global and environmental issues. Anti-economic globalization!!
These movements collaborate with grassroots organizations to respond to the oppressive political, economic, and social contexts of our daily lives. Examples are:
Idle No More https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DeWNZY7Ves
Anti-G20 Mobilization
Environmental justice movements
Anti-racist movements (e.g., Black Lives Matter)

Question 29

Future Challenges for Social Work Practice
21st century

Answer 29

Relationship building. Social workers will need more advanced relationship-building skills.
Collaborative practice. Working “with” individuals, families, and communities will be increasingly important.
Interdisciplinary practice. Teams (e.g., social workers, psychiatrists, family-care workers) enhance practice.
Evidence-based practice. Pressure to show measurable results in relation to the interventions with their clients.
Community-based practice. Mutual learning can replace the imposition of Western world views.
Mobility. Information technologies make geographic boundaries meaningless.

Question 30

Psychosexual Development

Answer 30

Oral (0-1) Anal (1-3)  Phallic (3-5)  Latent (5-6)  Genital (puberty to adult)

Question 31

Diagnostic Approach

Answer 31

Emphasizes an understanding of an individual’s problem by reference to causal events in his or her early life
Pathology (problem-focused)
Expert-driven
“Past”

Question 32

Functional Approach

Answer 32

Based on the beliefs in the potential of individuals to determine their own future direction in life
Strengths of client
Client role in helping process
“Present”

Question 33

Foundational Theories

Answer 33

Foundational theories (or perspectives) comprise general understandings about the underlying makeup and workings of our society.
They can focus on personality/behaviour, people in society, or social, political, and economic relationships.
Foundational theories derive from foundational disciplines such as biology, psychology, sociology, economics, political science, and the allied health professions.
Examples include ecological theory, cognitive theory, systems theory, structural theory, and critical theory (these theories will be discussed later).

Question 34

Practice Models (Practice Theories)

Answer 34

Practice models (practice theories) are built on foundational theories, but they are specific to how social work is practised in real-world contexts.
They are based on foundational theories (e.g., human development theory), but they focus on factors that are important for practitioners in assessing a client’s situation and working with a client to determine the most effective intervention.
Examples include “client-centred models,” “task-centred models,” “strengths-based models,” “cognitive behaviourial therapy,” “mindfulness,” and “narrative therapy.”

Question 35

Individual-Level vs. Structural-Level Theories

Answer 35

Individual-level theories, which focus on individuals and their immediate interactions with others.
Structural-level theories emphasize social structures, processes, and systems and how they positively and negatively influence people’s experiences.

Question 36

Conventional vs. Progressive Approaches

Answer 36

Conventional” approaches, e.g., cognitive, ecological, and systems approaches to social work
“Progressive” approaches, e.g., structural, critical, and anti-oppressive approaches

Question 37

The Ecological Perspective

Answer 37

The ecological perspective views the individual as functioning within a series of interdependent relationships.
This perspective is a reaction to simplistic approaches that locate the cause of problems solely within the individual (psychology) or solely within the structures of the wider society (sociology).
Based on the concept of an “ecosystem” in nature: adaptation to the environment!
Every organism is affected by and influences other organisms within the system.

Question 38

The Systems Perspective

Answer 38

The systems comprise interrelated parts and each part influences other parts of the whole.

A breakdown in one system will affect other systems and the persons involved in those systems.

Question 39

Other Approaches (p. 82)

Answer 39

Structural Approach: All dimensions of personal problems
focuses on less “visible” structural elements of these problems.
Critical Social Work: Empowerment (Ct and SWer power imbalance
– 3 levels; p. 82)
Anti-Oppressive Theory: Oppressive social conditions and
relationships
Feminist Social Work Practice: Gender analysis
Anti-Racist Social Work: Racism

Question 40

(b) Mindfulness-Based Practice

Answer 40

Mindfulness involves purposefully paying attention to the present with an attitude of non-judgement and acceptance.
Meditation is a primary practice or skill cultivated in mindfulness interventions
Techniques include transformative breathing, stream of consciousness, intuitive writing, yoga, and tai chi
Social worker self-care is a growing area that benefits from mindfulness practice
Linked to a holistic conception of social work practice

Question 41

(c) Solutions-Focused Practice

Answer 41

Solutions-focused practice models are based on the belief that people have the necessary inner resources to resolve their problems and contribute to their own growth and change. (Corcoran and Pillai, 2009; Kim et al., 2010; Lee, 2013)

Question 42

(d) Narrative-Based Practice

Answer 42

Narrative approaches focus on the meanings that people can find by creating their own life stories.
A person’s beliefs, skills, principles, and knowledge can be the means to help reclaim their lives.
The social worker helps clients examine, evaluate, and change their relationship to a problem by acting as an “investigative reporter.”
The worker poses questions that help people externalize a problem and then investigate it thoroughly and reflectively

Question 43

Creative Arts Therapy

Answer 43

Creative arts therapy offers a way to reach out to clients and to validate their experiences.
It allows clients to “tell their stories” in powerful ways.
Arts therapy aligns perfectly with social work strategies of empowerment and building on clients’ own strengths.
Art forms used during the therapeutic process might include drawing, painting, sculpture, video, photography, and other media.

Question 44

(b) Play Therapy

Answer 44

Play therapy uses “the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development.”
(U.S. Association for Play Therapy, 2013)
Widely used with children who have been traumatized
“If it’s too hard to put into words, they can work on it with play.” (Dr. Theresa Aiello, co-director of the Advanced Certificate in Child and Family Therapy at New York University’s Silver School of Social Work)

Question 45

(c) Photovoice Therapies

Answer 45

Photovoice is a participatory intervention technique that combines photography with social action.
Photographs are used as a starting point to promote critical dialogue and knowledge.
Individual, family, and community realities (including strengths, concerns, and needs) are documented.
Photovoice supports social work principles of individual and community strengths, capacity building, empowerment, and action.

Question 46

The Work of Dr. Patti LaBoucane-Benson

Answer 46

A world view is the overall perspective from which one sees, experiences, and interprets the world.
Reclaiming and building on a traditional Indigenous world view can provide a practice model informing historic- trauma healing programs for Aboriginal offenders.
The spiral is used as a symbol of the Cree interconnected world view and the nature of the relationship between the people and all the beings in their world.

Question 47

The Significance of the Spiral

Answer 47

The spiral is used as a symbol of the Cree interconnected world view and the relationship between all beings.

Question 48

The Functional Practice Model in Social Work

Answer 48

The functional approach emphasizes the importance of the client’s role in directing change.
This approach was introduced in the 1930s by Jessie Taft and Virginia Robinson.
It represented a shift away from the “medical model” or “diagnostic approach.”
The client and the worker engage in a “helping relationship” together.
This approach uses the client’s personal power to effect change in a structured way.

Question 49

The Client-Centred Practice Model

Answer 49

Client-centred practice is based on the idea that clients are the experts in understanding and resolving their own problems.
Introduced by psychotherapist Carl Rogers in the 1950s
The goal is to help clients empower themselves and take responsibility for making changes in their own lives

Question 50

The Rational-Emotive Practice Model

Answer 50

Rational-emotive therapy places less emphasis on exploring the hidden past and more on changing the client’s current state of mind.
Introduced by psychologist Albert Ellis in the mid-1950s
Blended ideas from two key areas in psychology: cognition and behaviourism

Question 51

The Task-Centred Practice Model

Answer 51

The task-centred practice model is a short-term intervention based on measurable outcomes.
Social workers work with the client to assess the problem aand create a list of tasks to achieve the desired outcomes.
Based on the assumption that people typically possess the resources and motivation to resolve problems themselves (Reid and Epstein, 1977).

Question 52

The Strengths-Based Practice Model

Answer 52

Currently, many social workers approach practice from an individual-level, strengths-based perspective.
Introduced by University of Kansas professor Dennis Saleebey and colleagues Charles Rapp and Ann Weick
Encourages the client to recognize her or his assets
The worker and client draw on available strengths and resources in order to work toward change
The therapeutic relationship is optimistic and empowering

Question 53

Mary Richmond

Answer 53

Mary Richmond, who worked for the COS of Baltimore and Philadelphia.
She argued that the casework technique could approach a “scientific understanding of social dynamics and human behaviour.”
Modern casework – the use of systematic methods in social work practice (p. 42).
Collection of data on family history…,
Critical examination of the material diagnosis
Development of a case plan with the involvement of the CT

Question 54

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Answer 54

is a process in which a practitioner combines well-researched interventions with clinical experience, ethics, and the client’s preferences and culture to guide the delivery of services.
Worker experience and judgement alone are not sufficient; nor are the client’s wishes.
EPB attempts to facilitate the most effective outcomes as demonstrated by the research.
EPB increases the likelihood that programs with proven success will be disseminated widely to benefit the greatest number of people.

Question 55

Core Elements of Direct Practice

Answer 55

Social work models and practice involve combining and recombining actions into new ways of looking at things—reflection-action-reflection occurs.
Stepping back to look, listen, and reflect are closely linked to improvements in practice.

Question 56

An Ongoing Process in the Lives of Social Workers

Answer 56

Critical self-reflection (or “knowledge about oneself”) is a frame of mind that helps practitioners understand how their own identities and beliefs, as well as their professional and personal lives, are shaped not only by unique traits and personal experiences, but also by societal forces such as parental influences, cultural influences, the media, educational institutions, and political movements.

Question 57

The social work process consists of four broad stages:

Answer 57

Intake
Assessment and Planning
Intervention
Evaluation and Termination

• Although assessment precedes intervention, and intervention precedes termination, the process can be cyclical.

Question 58

Intake

Answer 58

Intake is usually the first step taken by a worker when a Ct seeks help.
develop a relationship  “therapeutic alliance”
Mutual determination contract/agreement

Question 59

Assessment

Answer 59

The social worker and client analyze what help is needed based on the client’s ideas, thoughts, and feelings.

The SWer may also relay on other people who know the client personally, for example, a teacher, doctor, police officer, or elder.

It involves the art of asking questions
Purposeful and meaningful
Structured or unstructured interviews
Predetermined questions vs. conversational/relatively flexible

Question 60

Planning

Answer 60

Completion of assessment the SWer formulates a plan in collaboration with the client.
The plan is not set in stone but provides an initial course of action, which is reviewed and updated through the process.
The planned actions may be various levels:
individual, environmental, multi-person, systemic or structural.
Plans include:
Type of actions
Length of the intervention
Frequency of their meetings
The desired outcomes, etc.
Concept of “empowerment” is crucial.
The Cts have the right to self-determination and can discern their best course of action.
Consciousness-raising: encourages individuals to gain insight into their circumstances to change them.
Normalization
It is part of the consciousness-raising process.
It highlights the notion that any particular difficulty that a person experiences is universal and not unique to any individual.

Question 61

Intervention

Answer 61

Intervention can include various actions, tactics and techniques that are not always directed at the treatment of the individual alone.
PIE: The actions may be directed at the Ct, other individuals, groups, communities, institutions, social policies or political and social structures or systems.

Question 62

Evaluation

Answer 62

The SWer evaluates the following items with the Ct and SW supervisor
The choice of the intervention
The length of the intervention
The frequency of their meetings
The outcomes
The need for any follow-up
When to terminate the intervention
To determine whether the goals and needs of the Ct are being met.
An ongoing part of the social work process

Question 63

Termination

Answer 63

Termination: the ending of the Ct-Worker relationship
It is the end of the intervention after the client and worker have completed the agreed work.
The SWer and the Ct believe that the Ct’s problem-solving can continue without the worker’s assistance.
Types
Successfully planned endings – when SWer and Ct met their goals.
Unplanned endings…

Question 64

SW with Groups

Answer 64

Group work involves assisting a collection of people who are generally dealing with a similar problem/issue.
Group Dynamics
Include how people talk and interact with each other in the group, a sense of belonging to the group, and the influence that a group has on individual members to conform to certain behaviours, practices, and beliefs.
Communication patterns
Cohesion
Group influence and conformity

Question 65

Collectives of People Striving for Change

Answer 65

A wide range of groups operate in most communities. Group work approaches range from therapeutic to educational to activist. Groups generally fall into the following five categories:
Self-help groups
Educational groups
Support/therapeutic groups
Task groups
Social action groups

Question 66

Three Approaches to Community Work
In the 1960s, Jack Rothman summarized community work as fitting into three distinct types:

Answer 66

Locality development: it focuses on issues relevant to a particular neighbourhood or geographic space
Social planning: an expert-driven approach to community work, often found in social planning councils and city planning departments
Social action: an activist approach to community work seen in many social movements. – It often uses social protest to challenge injustices (e.g., the anti-globalization movement, the feminist movement, and the anti-racist movement)

Question 67

Saul Alinsky

Answer 67

sometimes called “the father of community organizing.”
Alinsky’s approach was confrontational and strategic.
He spoke of community organizing as a process of going to war.
This masculine language often alienated women and peace activities, but many groups have successfully adapted his methods to fit their agendas.
Alinsky did not believe that capitalism itself needed to be challenged but that creating confrontation could redistribute resources within that system.

Question 68

Paulo Freire’s Approach to Community Mobilization

Answer 68

Paulo Freire (September 19, 1921 – May 2, 1997) was a Brazilian educator and philosopher who advocated critical pedagogy.
He is best known for his influential work, “Pedagogy of the Oppressed,” which is generally considered one of the foundational texts of the critical pedagogy movement.
Freire developed a radical approach to education that applies to community practice.
He criticized the “banking” approach to education where an educator stands in front of a group of people who stay silent and quickly copy down everything the educator says.
makes people into passive objects.
The community organizer goes into the community and talks to people, knocking on doors, visiting people at bus stops, in groceries, etc. (= A Listening Survey).

Question 69

Developing a Collective, Critical Consciousness

Answer 69

Begin with a listening survey to find out what community members feel strongly about.
The organizer and a small learning group gather to go through the findings of the listening survey, making codes (images, films, or plays) from the ideas they have heard.
Codes are presented to the community to stimulate discussion about what is going well or badly and to stimulate action planning to create change.

Question 70

Empowering People for Social Justice

Answer 70

What is integral to a Freirian approach to social change is a process of reflection and action called “praxis”.
A successful action for social change must be reflected upon both in advance of the action and afterward.
This process creates new and more effective actions, which are also then reflected upon.
Freire argued that his approach would encourage thoughtful actions rather than reactive responses to injustice, which are often contradictory and difficult to sustain.