Sleep Treat

Question 1

What is the role of sleep in the body?

Answer 1

Sleep allows for body restoration and recovery and promotes memory consolidation

Question 2

What are the two types of sleep?

Answer 2

1. Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
2. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Question 3

What neurotransmitters decrease during the initiation of NREM sleep?

Answer 3

1. Norepinephrine (NE)
2. Serotonin (5HT)
3. Histamine
4. Acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 4

What happens during REM sleep?

Answer 4

Increased brain activity, dreams, hallucinations, memory consolidation, and body paralysis (decreased muscle tone)

Question 5

What happens when sedative-hypnotic drugs are discontinued?

Answer 5

Increased REM rebound (nightmares) and decreased NREM sleep (insomnia)

Question 6

What are common causes of insomnia?

Answer 6

1. Medical or mental illnesses (e.g., depression, bipolar disorders)
2. Pain (e.g., arthritis, dyspepsia)
3. Dyspnea
4. Frequency of micturition
5. Drugs (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, alcohol withdrawal)

Question 7

Name some benzodiazepines used as sedatives.

Answer 7

1. Triazolam
2. Lorazepam
3. Oxazepam
4. Alprazolam
5. Diazepam
6. Clonazepam

Question 8

What are some barbiturates mentioned in the text?

Answer 8

1. Thiopental
2. Pentobarbital
3. Phenobarbital

Question 9

What are GABA A receptors?

Answer 9

Ligand-gated channels permeable to Cl- that mediate inhibition and decrease excitability

Question 10

What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

Answer 10

Benzodiazepines bind to an allosteric modulatory site on GABA A receptors to increase the affinity of GABA for its receptor

Question 11

What is the difference in action between benzodiazepines and barbiturates?

Answer 11

Benzodiazepines increase the frequency of Cl- channel opening, while barbiturates increase the duration of Cl- channel opening

Question 12

What are the effects of benzodiazepines and barbiturates?

Answer 12

1. Sedation
2. Hypnosis
3. Anesthesia
4. Anticonvulsants
5. Muscle relaxants

Question 13

What are the risks associated with sedative-hypnotic drugs?

Answer 13

CNS adverse effects, such as drowsiness, impaired judgment, diminished motor skills, and anterograde amnesia

Question 14

True or False: Most sedative-hypnotic drugs are classified as schedule III or IV controlled drugs.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are some common non-CNS adverse effects of sedative-hypnotics?

Answer 15

Hypersensitivity reactions and teratogenicity

Question 16

What is the therapeutic plan for managing insomnia?

Answer 16

1. Non-pharmacologic therapies (proper diet, exercise, avoiding stimulants, comfortable environment)
2. Pharmacologic therapies (selection of drugs with rapid onset and minimal hangover)

Question 17

What is the indication for Zolpidem?

Answer 17

Short-term treatment of insomnia

Question 18

What are the side effects of Eszopiclone?

Answer 18

Less amnesia or day-after somnolence than zolpidem or benzodiazepines

Question 19

What is the mechanism of action of ramelteon?

Answer 19

Selective agonist at MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors

Question 20

What are the indications for Suvorexant?

Answer 20

Insomnia

Question 21

What type of receptors do sedative antidepressants primarily block?

Answer 21

H1 receptors

Question 22

Fill in the blank: Most benzodiazepines are classified as category _____ or _____.

Answer 22

D or X