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Sleep stages Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three primary brain regions involved in sleep?
a) Basal forebrain, hippocampus, thalamus
b) Basal forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem
c) Hypothalamus, amygdala, cortex

A

C

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2
Q

Which neurotransmitter produced by the Basal forebrain promotes wakefulness?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) Acetylcholine (ACh)
d) Norepinephrine

A

C

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3
Q

Which brain region is responsible for the regulation of various processes and location of the sleep flip-flop switch?
a) Hippocampus
b) Amygdala
c) Hypothalamus
d) Thalamus

A

C

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4
Q

Which neurotransmitter is NOT a wake-promoting neurotransmitter?
a) Acetylcholine (ACh)
b) Serotonin (5HT)
c) Histamine
d) Galanin

A

D

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5
Q

What is the function of the brainstem in relation to sleep?
a) Coordinates vital functions
b) Processes sensory information
c) Controls voluntary movement
d) Regulates emotion and motivation

A

A

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6
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation in relation to sleep?
a) Promotes wakefulness
b) Inhibits wakefulness
c) Transmits electrocortical impulses across brain structures that signal arousal via ascending pathways and sleep via descending pathways
d) None of the above

A

C

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7
Q

Which neurotransmitter is a sleep-promoting neurotransmitter?
a) Dopamine
b) Galanin
c) Norepinephrine
d) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

D

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8
Q

Which two parts of the hypothalamus create a flip-flop switch that allows us to easily transition from wake to sleep and vice versa?
a) Anterior and posterior hypothalamus
b) Ventromedial and dorsolateral hypothalamus
c) Ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) and median preoptic (MNPO)
d) Suprachiasmatic and supraoptic hypothalamus

A

C

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9
Q

What is the characteristic of coma?
a. Expanded internal awareness
b. Deeply relaxed
c. Little to no awareness
d. Complete awareness of the self, others, and physical world

A

C

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10
Q

What is the characteristic of deep meditation?
a. Little to no awareness
b. Prolonged unconsciousness
c. Expanded internal awareness
d. Complete awareness of the self, others, and physical world

A

C

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11
Q

True or False

Day dreaming is a state of expanded internal awareness.

A

False

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12
Q

True or False

The boundaries between different types and stages of sleep are perfectly defined.

A

False

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13
Q

Match the following with correct state of consciousness

Little to no awareness; Prolonged unconsciousness; cannot be awakened
A. Coma
B. Deep Meditation
C. Day Dreaming
D. Physical Reality

A

A

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14
Q

Expanded internal awareness; deeply relaxed
A. Coma
B. Deep Meditation
C. Day Dreaming
D. Physical Reality

A

B

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15
Q

Listening to your professors
A. Coma
B. Deep Meditation
C. Day Dreaming
D. Physical Reality

A

C

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16
Q

Complete awareness of the self, others, and physical world
A. Coma
B. Deep Meditation
C. Day Dreaming
D. Physical Reality

A

D

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17
Q

What is polysomnography (PSG)?
a) A diagnostic tool in sleep medicine
b) A type of medication for sleep disorders
c) A type of surgical procedure for sleep disorders
d) None of the above

A

A

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18
Q

Polysomnography is also known as:
a) A daytime sleep study
b) A weekend sleep study
c) An overnight sleep study
d) None of the above

A

C

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19
Q

What is measured during polysomnography?
a) Brain waves, eye movements, muscle activity, and heart rate
b) Blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen levels
c) Urine output, sweat production, and skin temperature
d) None of the above

A

A

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20
Q

Can polysomnography be performed at home?
a) True
b) False

A

A

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21
Q

When was respiratory airflow and respiratory effort measures added to polysomnography?
a) Before the identification of sleep apnea in the 1970s
b) After the identification of sleep apnea in the 1970s
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

A

B

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22
Q

Which of the following types of sleep are there?
a) Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep only
b) Rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep only
c) Both NREM and REM sleep
d) None of the above

A

C

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23
Q

How many stages is NREM sleep divided into?
a) 1 stage
b) 2 stages
c) 3 stages
d) 4 stages

A

C

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24
Q

Which of the following is NOT a unique characteristic of each NREM stage?
a) Brain waves
b) Eye movements
c) Heart and respiration rate
d) Body temperature

A

D

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25
Q

True or False: NREM and REM sleep alternate in a predictable, cyclical fashion over the course of a night of sleep.
a) True
b) False

A

A

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26
Q

Which of the following disorders is associated with initiating sleep via REM sleep instead of NREM sleep?
a) Narcolepsy
b) Bipolar disorder
c) Depression
d) None of the above

A

A

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27
Q

Which of the following disorders is associated with cycling through all sleep stages more rapidly?
a) Narcolepsy
b) Bipolar disorder
c) Depression
d) None of the above

A

B

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28
Q

Which of the following disorders is associated with having a period of REM sleep sooner during the night?
a) Narcolepsy
b) Bipolar disorder
c) Depression
d) None of the above

A

C

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29
Q

What are ultradian rhythms?
a. 24-hour cycles of rest-activity
b. 90-120 minute cycles of rest-activity
c. 60-90 minute cycles of rest-activity
d. 30-60 minute cycles of rest-activity

A

B

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30
Q

What happens during one ultradian cycle during wake?
a. Progression through all 4 stages of sleep
b. Changes in energy and alertness
c. Changes in heart rate and blood pressure
d. None of the above

A

all of the above

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31
Q

True or false

Nathaniel Kleitman discovered ultradian rhythms in the 1950s.

A

True

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32
Q

true or false

Ultradian rhythms occur during both sleep and wake.

A

True

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33
Q

True or False

One ultradian cycle during sleep includes progression through all 5 stages of sleep.

A

False

34
Q

True or False

Hormonal secretions and bowel activity are affected during one ultradian cycle during wake.

A

True

35
Q

Match the following components with their respective ultradian cy

Changes in energy and alertness
A. Ultradian cycle during wake
B. Ultradian cycle during sleep

A

A

36
Q

Changes in hormonal secretions, thermoregulation, bowel activity, etc.
A. Ultradian cycle during wake
B. Ultradian cycle during sleep

A

A

37
Q

Progression through all 4 stages of sleep
A. Ultradian cycle during wake
B. Ultradian cycle during sleep

A

B

38
Q

Which wave is present during wakefulness?
a. Theta
b. Delta
c. Beta
d. Alpha

A

C

39
Q

Which wave is present during NREM 3?
a. Theta
b. Delta
c. Beta
d. Alpha

A

B

40
Q

True or False

  1. During wakefulness, EEG waves are fast and synchronized.
  2. During NREM 1, EEG waves are slower and have higher voltage compared to wakefulness.
  3. Theta and Beta waves are present during REM sleep.
A
  1. False
  2. true
  3. true
41
Q

Match the following EEG waves with their respective stages of sleep:

  1. Beta
  2. Delta
  3. Theta
    a. NREM 1
    b. NREM 3
    c. REM
A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
42
Q

During wakefulness, what kind of EEG waves are observed?
a) Alpha
b) Beta
c) Theta
d) Delta

A

B

43
Q

What is the characteristic feature of NREM 1 EEG waves?
a) Fast and desynchronized
b) Slow and desynchronized
c) Slow and highly synchronized
d) Fast and highly synchronized

A

B

44
Q

What type of EEG waves are observed during NREM 3 sleep?
a) Alpha
b) Beta
c) Theta
d) Delta

A

D

really slow, huge voltage, highly synchronized

45
Q

What is the characteristic feature of REM sleep EEG waves?
a) Delta
b) Theta and Beta
c) Alpha
d) Beta and Gamma

A

B

desynchronized ‘saw-tooth’ waves

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

During NREM 3 sleep, EEG waves are slow and highly synchronized.

Theta and Beta EEG waves are observed during REM sleep.

During wakefulness, the EEG waves are slow and highly synchronized.

A

TRUE
TRUE
FALSE

47
Q

Match the following EEG waves with their respective stages of sleep:

  1. BetA
  2. Delta
  3. Theta
    a) NREM 3
    b) Wakefulness
    c) REM sleep
    d) NREM 1
A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
48
Q

Which stages are classified as NREM sleep?
A) Stages 1-3
B) Stages 4-5
C) Both A and B

A

A

49
Q

What percentage of the night do adults spend in N2 sleep?
A) ~50%
B) ~20%
C) ~30%

A

A

50
Q

True or False

  1. Non-REM sleep is the most common type of sleep.
  2. N3 is the lightest stage of NREM sleep.
  3. Older adults tend to have less N3 sleep compared to younger adults.
  4. Males tend to have higher levels of SWS compared to females.
A

1.True
2.False
3.True
4.False

51
Q
  1. _______ is the deepest stage of NREM sleep.
  2. _______ is characterized by a reduction in heart rate and breathing.
  3. _______ is also known as “light sleep” and is a transition stage between wakefulness and deeper sleep.
  4. _______ is associated with restorative functions such as tissue repair and growth hormone release.

A) NREM sleep
B) SWS
C) N2 sleep
D) N3 sleep

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. C
  4. B
52
Q

Which of the following statements is true about NREM sleep?
a) Biological processes speed up
b) Parasympathetic nervous system activity decreases
c) Body temperature and metabolism increase
d) Muscle tone decreases
e) Responsiveness to stimuli increases

A

D

53
Q

True or false:

NREM sleep increases parasympathetic nervous system activity.

A

True

54
Q

Which of the following is NOT a biological change that occurs during NREM sleep?
a) Decrease in body temperature and metabolism
b) Decrease in muscle tone
c) Increase in responsiveness to stimuli
d) Decrease in response to auditory, tactile, respiratory, etc. stimuli
e) Increase in growth hormone and prolactin, decrease in thyroid stimulating hormone

A

C

55
Q

Match the following biological changes to their corresponding effect

NREM sleep:
a) Increase in growth hormone and prolactin
b) Decrease in body temperature and metabolism
c) Decrease in muscle tone
d) Decrease in response to auditory, tactile, respiratory, etc. stimuli

i) Increased sleep depth and stability
ii) Restoration and repair of tissues
iii) Protection against overstimulation
iv) Preparation for physical activity upon waking

A
  1. II
  2. I
  3. III
  4. IV
56
Q

Which of the following stages of sleep is characterized by hypnic jerks?
a) NREM 1
b) NREM 2
c) SWS
d) REM

A

A

57
Q

Which stage of sleep is dominated by sleep spindles and K complexes?
a) NREM 1
b) NREM 2
c) SWS
d) REM

A

B

58
Q

Which stage of sleep dominates the first half of the night?
a) NREM 1
b) NREM 2
c) SWS
d) REM

A

C

59
Q

True or False

  1. NREM 1 is the deepest stage of sleep.
  2. Sleep spindles are unique to NREM 2 sleep.
  3. SWS is characterized by a low arousal threshold.
A
  1. False
  2. True
  3. False
60
Q

Match the following descriptions with the appropriate stage of sleep:

A. Characterized by hypnic jerks
B. Dominated by sleep spindles and K complexes
C. Dominates the first half of the night
D. Highest arousal threshold

  1. NREM 1
  2. NREM 2
  3. SWS
A

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 3

61
Q

What is the primary function of SWS?
a) To allow the brain to recover from daily activities
b) To help the body digest food
c) To enhance creativity
d) None of the above

A

A

62
Q

Which region of the brain has the highest level of delta waves during slow-wave sleep?
a) Regions that are most active during sleep
b) Regions that are most active during REM sleep
c) Regions that are most active when awake
d) None of the above

A

C

63
Q

Which type of memory does SWS improve?
a) Procedural memory
b) Declarative memory
c) Sensory memory
d) None of the above

A

D

64
Q

Does SWS trigger the onset of puberty in youth?
a) True
b) False

A

B

65
Q

Approximately how much time do adults spend in REM sleep during the night?
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 30%
d) 40%

A

B

66
Q

During which stage of sleep does most dreaming occur?
a) SWS
b) REM sleep
c) NREM sleep
d) None of the above

A

B

67
Q

True or False: During REM sleep, our muscles are paralyzed to prevent us from acting out our dreams.
a) True
b) False

A

A

68
Q

What is the effect of REM sleep on sympathetic nervous system activity?
a) Decrease
b) Increase
c) No effect
d) None of the above

A

B

69
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep?
a) Delta waves
b) Rolling eye movements
c) Increased body temperature
d) None of the above

A

B

70
Q

True or False: REM sleep decreases responsiveness to auditory, tactile, and respiratory stimuli.
a) True
b) False

A

B

71
Q

Which of the following is a function of REM sleep?
A) Regulating body temperature
B) Digesting food
C) Consolidating emotional learning and memory
D) Regulating heart rate

A

C

72
Q
  1. True or False: Daytime experiences that elicit emotion are replayed during REM sleep to strengthen and remember them later.
  2. True or False: During REM sleep, the same areas of the brain involved in emotion are active as during waking hours.
  3. True or False: Dream content during REM sleep often resembles the experiences or events of waking hours.
A

TRUE
TRUE
FALSE

73
Q

Sleep architecture refers to:
A) The arrangement of furniture in a bedroom
B) The structural organization of normal sleep
C) The study of dream interpretation
D) The effects of caffeine on sleep

A

B

74
Q

How many types of sleep are there?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

A

B

75
Q

True or False: Each sleep stage has unique characteristics such as brain waves, eye movements, heart and respiration rate, and muscle tone.

A

TRUE

76
Q

During the night, we cycle through all sleep stages several times in approximately how long of cycles?
A) 30 minute cycles
B) 45 minute cycles
C) 60 minute cycles
D) 90 minute cycles

A

D

77
Q

How do we primarily define sleep stages?
A) By the amount of noise in the sleeping environment
B) By the position of the body during sleep
C) By the types of brain waves present
D) By the amount of time spent in each stage

A

C

78
Q

Which NREM sleep stage only lasts for about 5 minutes and is associated with hypnic jerks?
A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) REM

A

A

79
Q

Which NREM sleep stage is the most common, making up approximately 50% of sleep time and characterized by sleep spindles and K complexes?
A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) REM

A

B

80
Q

Which NREM sleep stage is the deepest and most restorative, dominating the first half of the night?
A) N1
B) N2
C) N3
D) REM

A

C

81
Q

True or False: REM sleep dominates the second half of the night.

A

TRUE

Sleep Psychology (6 decks)

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