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Neurobiology of sleep Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sleep according to the early 20th century?
1. a consequence of activity in arousal systems of the brain
2. a consequence of inactivity in arousal systems of the brain
3. a behavior that originates in the brain
4. none of the above

A
  1. a consequence of inactivity in arousal systems of the brain
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2
Q

What caused sleep in animals according to experimental electrical stimulation to the thalamus?
1. inactivity in arousal systme of the brain
2. activity in arousal systems of the brain
3. stimulation to the thalamus
4. none of the above

A

stimulation to the thalamus

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3
Q

Where does sleep originate?

A

In the brain

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4
Q

What are the three primary brain regions involved in sleep?
1. Cerebellum, hypothalamus, brainstem
2. basal forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem
3. cerebellum basal forebrain, hypothalamus

A
  1. Basal forbrain, hypothalamus, brainstem
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5
Q

True or false

Early 20th century research suggested that the brain had specific, separate “sleep” and “wake” centers.

A

True

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6
Q

True or False

Later research showed that sleep-wake regulation is actually much more complicated.

A

True

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7
Q

Matching: Match each brain region with its function

  1. Basal forebrain
  2. hypothalamus
  3. brainstem
  • inhibits activity in areas of the brainstem that maintain wakefulness
    ** regulates circadian rhythms and controls the timing of sleep
    ***promotes wakefulness by sending arousal signals to the cerebral cortex
A
  1. *
  2. **
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8
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?
above or below the thalamus

A

Below

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter is produced by the basal forebrain?

Dopamine, serotonin, acetylocholine, norepinephrine

A

ACh

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT a structure in the brainstem?

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
cerebellum

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

True or False

The hypothalamus is part of the limibic system

A

True

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12
Q

A part of the limibic system that plays a role in many essential functions of the body

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
Brain strem
Reticular formation

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

an area at the front and bottom of the brain that produces ACh and promotes wakefulness

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
Brain strem
Reticular formation

A

Basal Forebrain

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14
Q

Consists of three structures and regulates consciousnessm respirationm heart ratem arousal and wake-sleep cycle

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
Brain strem
Reticular formation

A

Brainstem

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15
Q

A set of connected nuclei that extend from the brainstem to the forebrain and serves as a relay station for electrocortical impulses

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
Brain strem
Reticular formation

A

reticular formation

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16
Q

Which of the following is in the basal forebrain?

Nucleus accumbens
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus

A

Nucleus accumbens

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17
Q

Which substance works on ACh pathways in the brain?

Caffeine
Alcohol
Nicotine
Sugar

A

Nicotine

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the brainstem?

Regulating consciousness
regulating respiration
regulating heart rate
regulating digestion

A

Regulating digestion

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19
Q

Communicates with the hypothalamus to control transitions between wake and sleep

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

Brain stem

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20
Q

Produces ACh which affects learning and memory

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

Basal forebrain

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21
Q

Transmits electrocortical impulses via ascending and descending pathways

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

Reticular formation

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22
Q

Regulates endocrine glands including the pineal gland

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

Which gland is regulated by the hypothalamus and releases melatonin?

pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland

A

pineal gland

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24
Q

which of the following is not a structure in the reticular formation?

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain
cerebellum

A

cerebellun

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25
Q

True or False

Melatonin is released into the bloodstream and reached every organ in the body except the brain

A

False

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26
Q

an area at the front and bottom of the brain that included several structures such as nucleus accumbens and Broca’s area

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

basal forebrain

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27
Q

a set of connected nuclei that extend from the brainstem to the forebrain

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

Reticular formation

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28
Q

regulates consciousness, respiration, heart rate, arousal, wake-sleep cycle; neurological signaling to muscle groups

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

brain stem

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29
Q

Located below the thalamus and is part of the limbic system

hypothalamus
basal forebrain
brainstem
reticular formation

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

Regulating endocrine glands
Regulating digestion
Regulating respiration
Regulating heart rate

A

Regulating endocrine glands

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31
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of acetylcholine in the brain?

Promoting wakefulness
Affecting learning and memory Affecting the ability of brain cells to transmit information
Promoting hunger

A

Promoting hunger

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32
Q

Produces acetylcholine, which affects learning and memory

Hypothalamus
Basal forebrain
Brainstem

A

Basal forebrain

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33
Q

Serves as a communication highway between the brain and body

Hypothalamus
Basal forebrain
Brainstem

A

Brainstem

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34
Q

Plays a part in many essential functions of the body

Hypothalamus
Basal forebrain
Brainstem

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

What is the role of the neurons of the Ascending Arousal System (AAS)?

a) Regulating digestion
b) Regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions
c) Regulating body temperature
d) Regulating heart rate

A

b) Regulating wakefulness and sleep-wake transitions

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36
Q

The AAS begins in the ________ part of the brainstem and sends excitatory projections up through the cerebral cortex.

A

lowest

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37
Q

Match the neurotransmitter with its function:

Acetylcholine (ACh)

1) Responds to stress; fight or flight
2) Modulator of arousal, memory
3) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety
4) Involved in reward and addiction

A

Modulator of arousal, memory

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38
Q

Serotonin (5HT)

1) Responds to stress; fight or flight
2) Modulator of arousal, memory
3) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety
4) Involved in reward and addiction

A

Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety

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39
Q

Dopamine (DA)

1) Responds to stress; fight or flight
2) Modulator of arousal, memory
3) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety
4) Involved in reward and addiction

A

Involved in reward and addiction

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40
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

1) Responds to stress; fight or flight
2) Modulator of arousal, memory
3) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety
4) Involved in reward and addiction

A

Responds to stress; fight or flight

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41
Q

How many main AAR pathways are there?

A

2

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42
Q

The Ventral route is a ________ path that runs through the hypothalamus and forebrain.

A

direct

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43
Q

Match the pathway with its description

Ventral route

1) Indirect path that runs through the thalamus
2) Direct path that runs through the hypothalamus and forebrain

A

Direct path that runs through the hypothalamus and forebrain

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44
Q

Dorsal route

1) Indirect path that runs through the thalamus
2) Direct path that runs through the hypothalamus and forebrain

A

Indirect path that runs through the thalamus

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45
Q

Which AAS pathway is active only during wakefulness?

a) Ventral route
b) Dorsal route
c) Both
d) Neither

A

Ventral route

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46
Q

The Dorsal Path controls ________ and movement.

A

muscles

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47
Q

Match the neurotransmitter with its pathway:

Dopamine (DA)

1) Dorsal
2) Ventral
3) Both

A

Ventral

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48
Q

Norepinephrine

1) Dorsal
2) Ventral
3) Both

A

Ventral

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49
Q

Histamine

1) Dorsal
2) Ventral
3) Both

A

Ventral

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50
Q

Which neurotransmitter is involved in reward and addiction?

a) Acetylcholine (ACh)
b) Serotonin (5HT)
c) Dopamine (DA)
d) Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Dopamine

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51
Q

Orexin is active only during ________ and stimulates wakefulness centers of the brain.

A

wake

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52
Q

Which neurotransmitter responds to stress and is involved in the fight or flight response?

a) Acetylcholine (ACh)
b) Serotonin (5HT)
c) Dopamine (DA)
d) Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Norepinephrine

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53
Q

The Ventral Path runs to the cortex more directly, through the ________ and basal forebrain

A

hypothalamus

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54
Q

Match the neurotransmitter with its function:

Histamine

1) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety
2) Widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain
3) Stimulates wakefulness centers of the brain

A

Widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain

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55
Q

Orexin

1) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety
2) Widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain
3) Stimulates wakefulness centers of the brain

A

Stimulates wakefulness centers of the brain

56
Q

Serotonin (5HT)

1) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety
2) Widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain
3) Stimulates wakefulness centers of the brain

A

Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety

57
Q

The dorsal path is active during wake and ______ sleep

A

REM

58
Q

Acetylcholine

1) Involved in reward and addiction
2) Modulator of arousal, memory
3) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety

A

Modulator of arousal, memory

59
Q

Serotonin (5HT)

1) Involved in reward and addiction
2) Modulator of arousal, memory
3) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety

A

Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety

60
Q

Dopamine

1) Involved in reward and addiction
2) Modulator of arousal, memory
3) Regulates mood, impulsivity, anxiety

A

Involved in reward and addiction

61
Q

The AAS receives inputs from all the major ______ systems

A

sensory

62
Q

What is responsible for the sleep-wake transition?

a) The function of a few small areas of the brain
b) The function of the entire brain
c) The function of the heart

A

The function of a few small areas of the brain

63
Q

True or False:

Transitions between sleep and wakefulness occur relatively quickly, in just seconds.

A

True

64
Q

The ability to remain in a stable period of sleep or wakefulness is a result of ____________ inhibition

A

mutual

65
Q

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Sleep-wake transition

1) The function of a few small areas of the brain
2) Only sleep or wake can be active at any given time

A

The function of a few small areas of the brain

66
Q

Mutual inhibition

1) The function of a few small areas of the brain
2) Only sleep or wake can be active at any given time

A

Only sleep or wake can be active at any given time

67
Q

True or False

Both sleep and wake can be active at the same time.

A

False

68
Q

What is the function of specific areas within the hypothalamus?

A

To initiate and maintain sleep

69
Q

What happens when neurons in one area of the hypothalamus become more active?

A

Inhibitory, sleep-promoting transmitters are released and deactivate the other area.

70
Q

True or False:

Only one part of the hypothalamus can be active at a time.

A

True

71
Q

What is the function of the sleep flip-flop switch in the hypothalamus?

A

To allow us to easily transition from wake to sleep and vice versa

72
Q

When is the “sleep off” side of the hypothalamus activated?

A

When neurons in the posterolateral hypothalamus are turned on.

73
Q

When is the “sleep on” side of the hypothalamus activated?

A

When neurons in the anterior hypothalamus are turned on.

74
Q

The sleep flip-flop switch is located in the _______.

A

hypothalamus

75
Q

Posterolateral hypothalamus

Sleep off or on

A

Sleep off

76
Q

Anterior hypothalamus

Sleep on or off

A

Sleep on

77
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of specific areas within the hypothalamus?

a) Initiate sleep
b) Maintain sleep
c) Promote hunger

A

promote hunger

78
Q

True or False:

The sleep flip-flop switch allows us to easily transition from hunger to thirst.

A

False

79
Q

What happens to neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) area of the anterior hypothalamus when we have been awake for a long time?

a. They become less active
b. They become more active
c. They shut down completely
d. They release excitatory neurotransmitters

A

They become more active

80
Q

True or False

Activity of VLPO neurons shuts down the activity of the AAS via release of inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

True

81
Q

VLPO neurons are necessary for maintaining _____________

A

sleep

82
Q

Match the following terms with their definitions:

VLPO area

1) Chemicals released by neurons that shut down activity
2) Ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus
3) Ascending arousal system

A

Ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

83
Q

AAS

1) Chemicals released by neurons that shut down activity
2) Ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus
3) Ascending arousal system

A

Ascending arousal system

84
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

1) Chemicals released by neurons that shut down activity
2) Ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus
3) Ascending arousal system

A

Chemicals released by neurons that shut down activity

85
Q

True or False

The longer we have been awake, the less active VLPO neurons become.

A

False

86
Q

True or False

Older people report more difficulty in maintaining sleep and increased awakenings.

A

True

87
Q

Which of the following is less common among older people?

a. Difficulty maintaining sleep
b. Increased awakenings
c. Problems falling asleep
d. Loss of VLPO neurons

A

Problems falling asleep

88
Q

Changes in sleep quality among older people may be a consequence of loss of ________ neurons.

A

VLPO

89
Q

Match the following

Sleep quality

1) The ability to fall and stay asleep without disruptions
2) The process of growing older
3) Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

A

The ability to fall and stay asleep without disruptions

90
Q

Aging

1) The ability to fall and stay asleep without disruptions
2) The process of growing older
3) Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

A

the process of growing older

91
Q

VLPO Neurons

1) The ability to fall and stay asleep without disruptions
2) The process of growing older
3) Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

A

Neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

92
Q

True or False

Problems falling asleep are more common amoung older people

A

False

93
Q

Which neurotransmitter is the most widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter and regulates sleep and functions such as balance, coordination, and memory?

A) Serotonin
B) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
C) Dopamine
D) Acetylcholine

A

Gamma-amnio-butyric acid

94
Q

Galanin is distributed throughout the brain and involved in functions beyond sleep, including:

A) Digestion
B) Sight
C) Learning and memory
D) Hearing

A

Learning and memory

95
Q

Galanin neurons are substantially diminished among which populations that suffer from sleep disruption?

A) Teenagers
B) Adults
C) The elderly and those with Alzheimer’s disease
D) Athletes

A

The elderly and those with Alzheimer’s disease

96
Q

True or False:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an excitatory neurotransmitter.

A

False

97
Q

Galanin is involved in functions beyond sleep, including ____________ and memory

A

Learnin

98
Q

What functions does GABA regulate?

a) Vision and hearing
b) Taste and smell
c) Balance, coordination, memory, and sleep
d) Muscle movement and heartbeat

A

Balance, coordination, memory, and sleep

99
Q

True or False: Galanin is only involved in sleep regulation.

A

False. Galanin is involved in functions beyond sleep, including learning and memory

100
Q

How are galanin neurons related to sleep disruption?

a) They have no relationship to sleep disruption
b) They cause sleep disruption in young adults
c) They are only related to sleep disruption in pregnant women
d) They are related to sleep disruption in the elderly and those with Alzheimer’s disease

A

They are related to sleep disruption in the elderly and those with Alzheimer’s disease

101
Q

Which area of the hypothalamus becomes more active the longer we are awake?

A) Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)
B) Median preoptic (MNPO) area
C) Lateral hypothalamus
D) Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Median preoptic (MNPO) area

102
Q

What is the function of VLPO neurons?

A) They help initiate sleep.
B) They become more active the longer we are awake.
C) They shut down the AAS via inhibitory neurotransmitters.
D) They are necessary for maintaining sleep.

A

They shut down the AAS via inhibitory neurotransmitters.

103
Q

Is there any evidence that lesions of the MNPO area impair sleep?

A

No

Unlike VLPO there is no evidence that lesions of the MNPO area impair sl

104
Q

What is the role of MNPO neurons in sleep regulation?

A) They help initiate sleep.
B) They become more active the longer we are awake.
C) They shut down the AAS via inhibitory neurotransmitters.
D) They are necessary for maintaining sleep.

A

They help initiate sleep

105
Q

Which type of neurons are necessary for maintaining sleep?

A) MNPO neurons
B) VLPO neurons
C) Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons
D) Lateral hypothalamus neurons

A

VLPO neurons

106
Q

What is the main function of MNPO neurons?

a) To initiate sleep
b) To maintain sleep
c) To regulate circadian rhythms
d) To promote wakefulness

A

To initiate sleep

107
Q

What do VLPO neurons do to the AAS?

a) They activate it
b) They shut it down
c) They modify its activity
d) They have no effect on it

A

They shut it down

108
Q

What effect does Adenosine have on Ach release in the basal forebrain?

A) It stimulates Ach release
B) It inhibits Ach release
C) It has no effect on Ach release

A

It inhibits Ach release

109
Q

True or False:

Adenosine accumulates in the bloodstream during wake and increases sleep drive.

A

True

110
Q

Adenosine helps regulate which stage of sleep?

A) REM sleep
B) Stage 1 sleep
C) Stage 2 sleep
D) Deep sleep

A

Deep sleep

111
Q

How does the brain’s rate of adenosine metabolism affect deep sleep?

A) It has no effect on deep sleep
B) It increases the duration of deep sleep
C) It decreases the intensity of deep sleep
D) It affects both the intensity and duration of deep sleep

A

It affects both the intensity and duration of deep sleep

112
Q

True or False

Adenosine metabolism has no impact on vulnerability to the effects of sleep deprivation.

A

False

113
Q

Adenosine is a:

a) Excitatory transmitter
b) Inhibitory transmitter
c) Neuromodulator

A

Inhibitory transmitter

114
Q

True or False

Adenosine accumulates in the bloodstream during wakefulness and increases sleep drive.

A

True

115
Q

Adenosine regulates which stage of sleep?

a) REM sleep
b) NREM sleep
c) Both REM and NREM sleep

A

Both REM and NREM sleep

116
Q

True or False

The brain’s rate of adenosine metabolism has no effect on the intensity and duration of deep sleep.

A

False

117
Q

Adenosine metabolism plays a role in determining your vulnerability to the effects of:

a) Stress
b) Exercise
c) Sleep deprivation

A

Sleep deprivation

118
Q

What is the primary function of Adenosine as a neurotransmitter?

a. Stimulating Ach release in the basal forebrain
b. Inhibiting Ach rele

A

inhibiting Ach release in the basal forebrain

119
Q

True or False

Adenosine accumulates in the bloodstream during wake and increases sleep drive.

A

True

120
Q

How does the brain’s rate of adenosine metabolism impact sleep?

a. It has no impact on sleep
b. It affects the intensity and duration of deep sleep
c. It only affects REM sleep
d. None of the above

A

it affects the intensity and duration of deep sleep

121
Q

Adenosine metabolism helps determine what aspect of sleep?

a. Dreams
b. Sleep quality
c. Sleep quantity
d. All of the above

A

sleep quality

122
Q

Caffeine acts as an __________-receptor antagonist

A

adenosine

123
Q

What is the name for the neuron that releases neurotransmitters at a synapse?

a) Presynaptic neuron
b) Postsynaptic neuron
c) Interneuron

A

presynaptic neuron

124
Q

What is the mechanism by which caffeine exerts its effects on adenosine receptors?

a) It activates adenosine receptors, leading to increased adenosine activity
b) It blocks adenosine receptors, leading to decreased adenosine activity
c) It has no effect on adenosine receptors

A

It blocks adenosine receptors, leading to decreased adenosine activity

125
Q

True or False:

A synapse is the junction where two neurons meet and exchange neurotransmitters.

A

True

126
Q

What is the primary mechanism through which caffeinated beverages stimulate the brain?

a) By increasing blood flow to the brain
b) By directly stimulating neurons in the brain
c) By acting on adenosine receptors

A

By acting on adenosine receptors

127
Q

Caffeine acts as an adenosine- receptor ___________.

A

antagonist

128
Q

True or False

Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness and alertness.

A

False

129
Q

What is the primary way that caffeine acts as a stimulant?

a) By mimicking the effects of adenosine
b) By increasing the production of dopamine
c) By blocking the absorption of adenosine
d) By promoting the release of acetylcholine

A

By blocking the absorption of adenosine

130
Q

True or False:

A synapse is the site where two neurons come into contact and the presynaptic neuron releases a hormone that binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell.

A

False

131
Q

What is the primary source of the stimulant effect of caffeinated beverages?

a) The presence of caffeine molecules
b) The way caffeine interacts with serotonin receptors
c) The way caffeine acts on adenosine receptors
d) The presence of sugar and other sweeteners

A

The way caffeine acts on adenosine receptors

132
Q

Which of the following is true about Nicotine?
A) It is a depressant
B) It is a hallucinogen
C) It is a stimulant
D) It is an opioid

A

C

133
Q

Nicotine works via a different mechanism than other stimulants. How does it work?
A) It increases serotonin release
B) It increases norepinephrine release
C) It increases dopamine release
D) It increases GABA release

A

B

134
Q

Which of the following is true about the effects of Nicotine on the body?
A) It slows down heart rate
B) It reduces blood pressure
C) It increases heart rate
D) It has no effect on heart rate

A

C

135
Q

What is the primary reason for the reinforcing effects of Nicotine?
A) It activates the reward pathways in the brain
B) It decreases dopamine release
C) It increases serotonin release
D) It decreases norepinephrine release

A

A

136
Q

Nicotine is most commonly found in which of the following?
A) Marijuana
B) Alcohol
C) Cigarettes
D) Cocaine

A

C

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