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ap psychology > sleep, sleep disorders, psycho-drugs > Flashcards

sleep, sleep disorders, psycho-drugs Flashcards

1
Q

the state of being aware of and able to perceive one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, and surroundings. It involves various levels, from alert wakefulness to altered states such as sleep or meditation

A

consciousness

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2
Q

the natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours. It influences patterns of alertness, hormone release, body temperature, and other physiological processes.

A

circadian rhythm

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3
Q

a temporary disruption of the body’s circadian rhythm due to rapid travel across multiple time zones. It can result in fatigue, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating as the body adjusts to the new time zone

A

jet lag

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4
Q

employment schedules that require working outside of typical daytime hours, often disrupting the body’s natural circadian rhythm. It can lead to sleep disturbances, fatigue, and increased risk of health problems due to the mismatch between work hours and the body’s internal clock

A

shift work

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5
Q
  • the first stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by drifting in and out of sleep, lasting only a few minutes
  • brain waves slow down, muscles relax, and individuals may experience sudden muscle contractions known as hyping jerks
A

NREM stage 1

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6
Q
  • the second stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by light sleep, lasting about 20 minutes
  • brain waves further slow down, and sleep spindles and k-complexes appear
A

NREM stage 2

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7
Q

short bursts of brain activity

A

sleep spindles

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8
Q

sudden, sharp waveforms

A

k-complexes

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9
Q

the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement sleep characterized by the presence of predominantly delta waves

A

NREM stage 3

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10
Q

the process during sleep where the body and brain replenish energy, repair tissues, and remove waste products, promoting physical and mental well-being

A

restoration of resources

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11
Q
  • a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, and muscle paralysis
  • it is associated with increased brain activity, including dreaming, and plays a role in memory consolidation and emotional processing
A

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

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12
Q
  • the phenomenon where they body increases the time spent in REM sleep after a period of REM deprivation
  • it occurs as a compensatory response to the lack of REM sleep, often resulting in more intense and frequent REM sleep episodes
A

REM rebound

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13
Q

a theory proposing that dreams are the result of random neural activity I the brainstem during REM sleep, which is then interpreted and synthesized by the cerebral cortex into a narrative or story

A

activation-synthesis (dreams)

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14
Q

a theory suggesting that dreams play a role in the memory consolidation and processing of memories. during sleep, the brain organizes and integrates information acquired throughout the day, contributing to memory storage and learning

A

consolidation theory (dream)

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15
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing restorative sleep, leading to daytime impairment such as fatigue, mood disturbances, and decreased cognitive function

A

insomnia

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16
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden episodes of muscle weakness, sleep paralysis, and hallucinations during sleep onset or awakening

A

narcolepsy

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17
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breathing during asleep, leading to disrupted sleep patterns, daytime fatigue, and other health problems

A

sleep apnea

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18
Q

a sleep disorder where individuals physically act out their dreams during REM sleep, potentially causing injury to themselves or others due to loss of muscle paralysis

A

REM sleep behavior disorder

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19
Q

a sleep disorder commonly known as sleepwalking, characterized by walking or performing other activities while still asleep. it typically occurs during non-REM sleep stages and can result in injuries or accidents

A

somnambulism

20
Q

after traveling from New York to Paris, Claire experiences difficulty sleeping at night and feels extremely tired during the day. this disruption of her normal sleep pattern is best describes as:
a. shift work
b. jet lag
c. insomnia
d. narcolepsy

A

b. jet lag

21
Q

during an overnight sleep study, it is noted that in the early part of the night, a patients spends extended periods in a deep sleep stage characterized by delta waves, which is critical for physical recovery. This stage is:
a. NREM stage 1
b. NREM stage 2
c. NREM stage 3
d. REM

A

c. NREM stage 3

22
Q

following several nights of poor sleep, Marco notices that he spends more time in a specific sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming when he finally gets a chance to sleep undisturbed. this phenomenon in known as:
a. REM rebound
b. NREM stage 2
c. sleep apnea
d. somnambulism

A

a. REM rebound

23
Q

an EEG during a sleep study shows frequent bursts of rapid brain activity, and the patient reports vivid dreaming during these periods. this stage of sleep is:
a. NREM stage 1
b. NREM stage 2
c. REM
d. NREM stage 3

A

c. REM

24
Q

Kevin, who experiences repeated awakenings due to a temporary cessation of breathing during sleep, is likely suffering from:
a. insomnia
b. narcolepsy
c. REM sleep behavior disorder
d. sleep apnea

A

d. sleep apnea

25
Q
  • substances that alter brain function, leading to changes in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior
  • they act on the central nervous system and can be categorized into stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opioids
A

psychoactive drugs

26
Q

substances that bind to neurotransmitter receptors and mimic their effects, enhancing neural activity

A

agonist (“Agonist ACTivate”)

27
Q

substances that bind to neurotransmitter receptors without activating them, blocking the effects of neurotransmitters

A

antagonist (“ANTagonist ANTagonize”)

28
Q

medications that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the sensing neuron, thereby increasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and enhancing neurotransmission

A

reuptake inhibitors

29
Q

drugs that increase neural activity and arousal, leading to heightened alertness, attention, and energy levels

A

stimulants

30
Q

a natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, and some sodas. it acts on the central nervous system, increasing alertness and reducing fatigue by blocking the neurotransmitter adenosine

A

caffeine

31
Q
  • a powerful stimulant derived from the coco plant. it increases neural activity, leading to euphoria, increased energy, and alertness
  • works by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
A

cocaine

32
Q

drugs that slow down neural activity and bodily functions. they induce relaxation, sedation, and can lower inhibitions

A

depressants

33
Q

depressant drug that slows down neural activity in the central nervous system. it can impair judgement, coordination, and cognitive functions, leading to relaxation, euphoria, and in higher doses, intoxication

A

alcohol

34
Q

drugs that alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes, often causing hallucinations or profound changes in consciousness

A

hallucinogens

35
Q
  • psychoactive drug derived from the cannabis plant. it contains THC, which alters mood, perception, and cognition. effects include relaxation, altered perception of time, and heightened sensory experiences
  • can produce som hallucinogenic-like effects in certain individuals, it is not typically considered a true hallucinogen
A

marijuana

36
Q

psychoactive drug that act on opioid receptors in the brain and body, producing pain relief, euphoria, and sedation

A

opioids

37
Q

a highly addictive opioid drug derived from morphine. it produces intense euphoria, pain relief, and sedation by binding to opioid receptors in the brain

A

heroin

38
Q

a condition where increasing amounts of psychoactive substances are needed to achieve the same effects. it occurs due to the brain’s adaptation to the drug, leading to reduced sensitivity to its effects over time

A

tolerance

39
Q

the onset of symptoms when a person stops using a psychoactive substance after prolonged use. symptoms can include physical discomfort, psychological distress, and cravings for the drug

A

withdrawal

40
Q

a chronic brain disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. it involved changes in brain structure and function, leading to a loss of control over drug consumption

A

addiction

41
Q

after consuming alcohol at a party, Lisa notices a decrease in her anxiety levels and an overall feeling of relaxation. alcohol is classified as a:
a. stimulant
b. depressant
c. hallucinogen
d. opioid

A

b. depressant

42
Q

a drug treatment program educates participants that a drug which mimics the action of neurotransmitters in the brain is known as a(n):
a. agonist
b. antagonist
c. reuptake inhibitor
d. enzyme inhibitor

A

a. agonist

43
Q

after years of using heroin, a person may need to increase their dosage to achieve the same effect. this phenomenon is best described as:
a. addiction
b. withdrawal
c. tolerance
d. dependence

A

c. tolerance

44
Q

when Joe tries to quit smoking, he experiences anxiety, irritability, and cravings. these symptoms are best categorized as:
a. tolerance
b. addiction
c. psychoactive effects
d. withdrawal

A

d. withdrawal

45
Q

Tom drinks several cups of coffee throughout his morning to help him feel more alert and focused. the primary psychoactive component in coffee that acts as a stimulant by blocking the adenosine receptor in the brain is:
a. alcohol
b. caffeine
c. cocaine
d. nicotine

A

b. caffeine

46
Q
A

ap psychology (5 decks)

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