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Neuro B5 - WLB > Sleep/ARAS - Ruff > Flashcards

Sleep/ARAS - Ruff Flashcards

0
Q

What cells do EEGs measure? Why/How?

A

Pyramidal cells

  • major cells in the cortex
  • excitatory –> make electrical fields that EEGs can pick up
  • are next to a lot of other pyramidal cells that do similar things (additive response)
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1
Q

What is EEG?

A

Non-invasive measurement of brain activity using scalp electrodes

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2
Q

What type of EEG wave is observed when someone is awake, has eyes open, or is actively thinking?

A

Beta wave

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3
Q

What type of wave on an EEG has the highest frequency, but lowest amplitude?

A

beta wave

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4
Q

What type of wave is observed on an EEG when someone is awake, has their eyes closed, and is relaxed?

A

alpha wave

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5
Q

What type of EEG wave has a high frequency and large amplitude?

A

alpha wave

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6
Q

What type of wave is observed on an EEG when someone is meditating or drowsy?

A

theta wave

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7
Q

What type of EEG wave has low frequency and high amplitude?

A

theta wave

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8
Q

What type of wave is observed on an EEG when someone is in slow-wave sleep?

A

Delta wave

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9
Q

What type of EEG wave has the lowest frequency and highest amplitude?

A

delta wave

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10
Q

What EEG changes occur during a seizure?

A
  • General seizure: spike-wave pattern, wave patters everywhere
  • Complex partial seizure: starts in a hemisphere and moves
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11
Q

Why is it important to put EEG electrodes on the entire cortex in the case of a seizure?

A

So you can localize where the seizure starts/what parts of the brain are effected.

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12
Q

What is seen in an EMG, EOG, and EEG while awake?

A

EMG - will have muscle tone
EOG - will have saccades
EEG - will have beta waves

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13
Q

What is seen in an EMG, EOG, and EEG while in Non-REM sleep?

A

EMG - less muscle tone
EOG - no saccades, will have rolling motions of the eyes
EEG - no beta waves, just slow waves

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14
Q

What is seen in an EMG, EOG, and EEG while in REM?

A

EMG - no muscle tone
EOG - the saccades will be present again
EEG - will have beta waves like when awake

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15
Q

What are the changes in wave patterns during sleep Stages I-IV?

A

Stage I - decrease in frequency
Stage II - higher amplitude (sleep spindle) and even more increase in frequency (more coherent)
Stage III - lower frequency
Stage IV - lower frequency, higher amplitude, where restorative sleep takes place

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16
Q

What system controls the sleep cycle?

A

Ascending reticular activating system

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17
Q

What does the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) promote?

A

AWAKE state

18
Q

What monoaminergic nuclei/NT’s are involved in the sleep cycle (ARAS)?

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus - Histamine
Raphe nuclei - 5HT
Locus coeruleus - NE
VTA/Substantia nigra - DA

19
Q

What state does histamine promote?

A

Awake! That’s why antihistamines make you tired!

20
Q

What cholinergic nuclei/NT’s are involved in the ARAS?

A 
Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus (LDT) - ACh
Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPT) - ACh
Basal forebrain (BF) - ACh
21
Q

What neuropeptides does the Lateral Hypothalamus secrete and what are their actions?

A

Orexin - promotes AWAKE, stimulates monoaminergic/cholinergic nuclei to release NT to promote arousal

Melanin-concentrating horomone (MCH) - promotes REM SLEEP

22
Q

What condition is the result of the complete loss of orexin?

A

Narcolepsy

23
Q

What two conditions have partial loss of Orexin?

A
  • Parkinson disease

- Traumatic Brain Injury

24
Q

What are Orexin antagonists used for?

A

sleep aids

25
Q

What two nuclei promote sleep by releasing inhibitory GABA and Galanin?

A
  • Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO)

- Median Preoptic Nucleus (MNPO)

26
Q

What inhibitory, “clear shield” structure that wraps around the thalamus contributes to sleep spindles and waves?

A

Thalamocortical Circuit

and corticothalamic projections

27
Q

In waking, the Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus (LDT) and the Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPT) have what action on the thalamus and reticular nucleus of the thalamus?

A
  • Excite Thalamus

- Inhibit reticular nucleus of the thalamus

28
Q

What action does the Reticular nucleus of the thalamus have when active?

A

Inhibition of the thalamus - wants you to SLEEP

29
Q

What is Non-REM sleep characterized by?

A
  • “Waves” or oscillations in the EEG
  • Slow, rolling eye movements
  • Decreases in HR, BP, Temp, & Metabolic rate
  • Dreams are less frequent, vivid, and emotion than during REM sleep
30
Q

During Non-REM sleep, the LDT/PPT is inhibited by Preoptic nucleui, resulting in what?

A
  • Reticular nucleus of the thalamus = Active
  • Reticular nucleus of the thalamus –> Inhibits thalamus in bursts
  • Thalamus bursts of hyperpolarization –> send bursts of AP’s to the cortex –> excites pyramidal cells (oscillations)
  • Cortex/pyramidal cells send bursts back to reticular nucleus (increase bursts) and to the thalamus (stop bursts)
31
Q

During REM Sleep, the LDT/PPT are active, resulting in what?

A
  • Inhibition of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus
  • Activation of the Thalamus –> Transmission Mode
  • Thalamus sends “sensory” info to cortex (about cortex, memories, experiences = crazy dreams)
32
Q

What two areas of the brain are active while dreaming?

A
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex = emotions

- Parahippocampal Gyrus = memories

33
Q

What area of the brain is inactive during dreaming and is the reason why you do crazy shit in your dreams?

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex = responsible for impulse control

34
Q

Why is motor suppression during REM important?

A

Critical so you do not act out your dreams!

35
Q

Describe the Motor Suppression pathway during REM Sleep.

3-4 steps

A
  1. Lateral hypothalamus (MCH)
    - inhibits LC/Raphe (usually excites motorneurons)
    - activates Subceruleus nucleus
  2. Subceruleus nucleus activates Ventromedial Medulla
  3. Ventromedial medulla (glycinergic) inhibits motor neurons in the spinal cord = REM atonia
36
Q

What action does the LC/Raphe have during Non-REM/Wake states?

A
  1. Activates motor neurons of the spinal cord

2. Inhibits LDT/PPT

37
Q

What are possible functions of sleep?

A
  • Reducing energy expenditure
  • Replenish brain glycogen
  • Cognition = brain plasticity; consolidation, association, and pruning of memories; consolidation of learning
  • Metabolic clearance = Glymphatic system
38
Q

What are the short term consequences/effects of sleep deprivation?

A

-Cognitive impairment: reaction time, judgement

39
Q

What are the long term consequences/effects of sleep deprivation?

A
  • Cognitive decline
  • Problems with homeostasis (metabolism, temperature)
  • Infections
  • Hallucinations, seizures
  • Death
40
Q

Is REM sleep necessary?

A

NO

41
Q

What happens in sleep apnea?

A

Only get to STAGE II:

  • muscle tone decreases in Non-REM sleep
  • palate muscle becomes relaxed and airway gets blocked
  • body wake you up to start breathing
  • patient are unable to reach Stage III and IV to get restorative sleep
42
Q

What happens in REM behavior disorder?

A
  • Loss of REM atonia = muscle tone during REM
  • Ranges from talking/small movements to acting out dream
  • 80% later develop alpha-synucleinopathies (parkinson’s/lewy bodies)

(may be first symptom of parkinson’s)

Neuro B5 - WLB (19 decks)

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