Sleep and the EEG

Question 1

alpha waves

Answer 1

quiet wakefullness with eyes closed
8-13 Hz
Occipital cortex
disappears during sleep
Requires: thalamocortical connection

Question 2

Beta waves

Answer 2

Alert wakefullness with eyes opened
14-80 Hz
frontal cortex with some parietal cortex

Question 3

Alerting Response aka Alpha block

Answer 3

sensory input allows the transition from alpha to beta waves

*when you close your eyes alpha waves will reappear

Question 4

Gamma waves

Answer 4

30-80 Hz
individual is aroused or focused
***planning a motor response
hippocampus

Question 5

Theta waves

Answer 5

Hippocampus
4-7 Hz
children: parietal and frontal cortex
adults: frustration/disappointment/sleep

Question 6

Delta waves

Answer 6

biggest and slowest
less than 3.5 Hz
*deep sleep in adults
found in infants
–if found during wakefullness=sign of brain diseas
demonstrates a thalamocortical disconnection

Question 7

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 7

Circadian rhythms

-heavy genetic influence

Question 8

BMAL

Answer 8

Increases at night to increase translation of PER/CRY genes

Question 9

CLK

Answer 9

Constant throughout the day

-functions to increase translation of PER/CRY genes

Question 10

PER/CRY

Answer 10

products inhibit the release of BMAL and CLK

Question 11

Glutamate

Answer 11

released during day light to inhibit the pineal gland to stop melatonin release

Question 12

Melanopsin

Answer 12

provides light and dark info
***No visual tract input
goes thru the retinohypothalamic tract

Question 13

Retinohypothalamic tract

Answer 13

relays melanopsin to give info about light/dark

Question 14

Infancy Patterns

Answer 14

fast beta like activity

slow over the occipital region

Question 15

What causes a decrease in the frequency of alpha waves?

Answer 15

1. hypoglycemia
2. low body temp
3. low adrenal glucocorticoids
4. high PaCO2

Question 16

What waves predominate in infants?

Answer 16

Delta waves

Question 17

NREM sleep

Answer 17

most of time asleep
progressive slowing of EEG waves (increased amplitude)
boring dreams

Question 18

REM sleep

Answer 18

EEG: low amplitude, high frequency
vivid dreams
resembles Beta waves

Question 19

What is the deepest phase of NREM?

Answer 19

N3

Question 20

Mechanism of Sleep

Answer 20

PG binds DP in endothelial cells of vasculature to stimulate the release of adenosine in the CSF

• adenosine binds the VPO neurons
• VPO inhibits the ARAS input to the cortex

Question 21

VPO neurons

Answer 21

have adenosine 2a receptors

-inhibits the ARAS input to the cortex

Question 22

Why do we care about cytokines and hormones?

Answer 22

important in sleep induction

-NFKB releases NO

Question 23

Initiation of REM

Answer 23

neurons in LPT release Ach in geniculate body to give input to the occipital cortex

Question 24

Locus ceruleus

Answer 24

gives inhibitory input to alpha motor neurons to induce paralysis in muscles during sleep
-spares the diaphragm and small muscles

Question 25

Waking Up process

Answer 25

Orexin A and B from lateral hypothalamus send input to tuberomamillary nucleus to release histamine which activates Nepi from the LC to suppress REM sleep

Question 26

Later sleep cycles

Answer 26

less time in deep sleep, more in REM

Question 27

Children Sleep Cycles

Answer 27

More time in REM
More time in Deep Sleep
More total sleep time

Question 28

Elderly

Answer 28

Fewer Rem Cycles (can be same amount of time)
almost no deep sleep
less total sleep

Question 29

When do you get paralysis of large muscles?

Answer 29

REM sleep

Question 30

NI

Answer 30

slow rolling movements of the eye
some muscle activity
low voltage EEG
slow frequency

Question 31

N2

Answer 31

quiet muscle activity
increasing voltage EEG
slowing of frequency
sleep spindles

Question 32

What shows up on the EEG to show that you are truly asleep?

Answer 32

Sleep Spindles

Question 33

Sleep Spindles

Answer 33

some in N1
mostly in N2
bursts of alpha like activity interupting the slower EEG of sleep