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AP Psychology > Sleep and Learning > Flashcards

Sleep and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

circadian rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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2
Q

REM sleep

A

a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

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3
Q

alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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4
Q

sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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5
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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6
Q

delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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7
Q

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep

A

encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

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8
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

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9
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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10
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

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11
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

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12
Q

night terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

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13
Q

dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind; notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

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14
Q

manifest content

A

according to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dreawm

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15
Q

latent content

A

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

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16
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

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17
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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18
Q

habituation

A

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

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19
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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20
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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21
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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22
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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23
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to metnal processes

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24
Q

neutral stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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25
unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)
26
unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
27
conditioned response
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
28
conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
29
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
30
second-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus
31
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus doesn't follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
32
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
33
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
34
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
35
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
36
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
37
operant chamber
in operant conditioning, a chamber (Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
38
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
39
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
40
discriminative stimulus
in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
41
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers; any stimulus that, when presented after the response, strengthens the response
42
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
43
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
44
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer
45
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
46
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
47
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than in continuous reinforcement
48
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number or response
49
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number or responses
50
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
51
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
52
punishment
an event that ends to decrease the behavior that it follows
53
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
54
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
55
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
56
cognitive map
the mental representation of the layout of one's environment
57
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
58
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
59
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
60
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
61
coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
62
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or interaction with it
63
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
64
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
65
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
66
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
67
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
68
observational learning
learning by observing others, also called social learning
69
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
70
mirror neurons
neurons in the frontal lobe that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
71
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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