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AP Psychology > Sleep and Learning > Flashcards

Sleep and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

circadian rhythm

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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2
Q

REM sleep

A

a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

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3
Q

alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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4
Q

sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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5
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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6
Q

delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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7
Q

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep

A

encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

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8
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm; in response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

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9
Q

insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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10
Q

narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

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11
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

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12
Q

night terrors

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

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13
Q

dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind; notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

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14
Q

manifest content

A

according to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dreawm

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15
Q

latent content

A

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

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16
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

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17
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

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18
Q

habituation

A

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

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19
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together; the events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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20
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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21
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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22
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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23
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to metnal processes

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24
Q

neutral stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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25
Q

unconditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (such as food in the mouth)

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26
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response

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27
Q

conditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

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28
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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29
Q

acquisition

A

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

30
Q

second-order conditioning

A

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus

31
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus doesn’t follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

32
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

33
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

34
Q

discrimination

A

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

35
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

36
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

37
Q

operant chamber

A

in operant conditioning, a chamber (Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

38
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

39
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

40
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

41
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers; any stimulus that, when presented after the response, strengthens the response

42
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping/reducing negative stimuli; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

43
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

44
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

45
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

46
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

47
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than in continuous reinforcement

48
Q

fixed-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number or response

49
Q

variable-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number or responses

50
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

51
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

52
Q

punishment

A

an event that ends to decrease the behavior that it follows

53
Q

biofeedback

A

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

54
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

55
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

56
Q

cognitive map

A

the mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

57
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

58
Q

insight

A

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

59
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

60
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

61
Q

coping

A

alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

62
Q

problem-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly - by changing the stressor or interaction with it

63
Q

emotion-focused coping

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction

64
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

65
Q

external locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

66
Q

internal locus of control

A

the perception that you control your own fate

67
Q

self-control

A

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

68
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others, also called social learning

69
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

70
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons in the frontal lobe that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

71
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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