Cognition and Intelligence Flashcards
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many function
sensory memory
the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored or forgotten
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
explicit/declarative memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information, such as word meanings
implicit/procedural memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information; also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
long-term potentiation
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recognition
a measure in memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and the first (primacy effect) in a list
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one’s past
