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AP Psychology > Cognition and Intelligence > Flashcards

Cognition and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system

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3
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded information over time

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4
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

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5
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many function

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

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7
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored or forgotten

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8
Q

long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

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9
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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10
Q

explicit/declarative memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

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11
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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12
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and well-learned information, such as word meanings

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13
Q

implicit/procedural memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection

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14
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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15
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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16
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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17
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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18
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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19
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information; also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning

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20
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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21
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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22
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

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23
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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24
Q

long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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25
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
26
recognition
a measure in memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
27
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
28
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
29
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
30
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and the first (primacy effect) in a list
31
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
32
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from one's past
33
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
34
retroactive interfernce
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
35
repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
36
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
37
source amnesia/misattribution
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; is at the heart of many false memories
38
deja vu
that eerie sense that you've experienced something before; cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
39
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
40
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
41
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category; matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
42
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
43
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
44
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions
45
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem; contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics
46
heuristic
a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
47
insight
a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solution
48
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
49
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often in a way that has been successful in the past
50
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
51
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
52
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness) we presume such events are common
53
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident that correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
54
belief perseverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
55
framing
the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgements
56
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning
57
phoneme
in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
58
morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)
59
grammar
a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others; in a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
60
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
61
one-word stage
the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
62
two-word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
63
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs ("go car")
64
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area
65
Broca's area
controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
66
Wernicke's area
controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
67
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
68
intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new information
69
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
70
general intelligence
underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
71
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score
72
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing
73
grit
in psychology, grit is passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals
74
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
75
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
76
Stanford-Binet
widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test
77
intelligence quotient
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100; average score is 100
78
achievement test
a test designed to asses what a person has learned
79
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance
80
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test
most widely used; contains verbal and performance subtests

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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