Sleep and Dreams Flashcards
Describe stage 1 of sleep
(4 points)
- Beginning of the sleep schedule
- 5-10 mins
- light sleep
- high amplitude theta waves (slow brain waves)
describe stage 2 of sleep
(4 points)
- light sleep
- 20 mins
- rapid, rythmic brain waves (sleep spindles)
- body temp decrease, heart rate slows
describe stage 3 of sleep
(2 points)
- transition between light and deep sleep
- delta waves
describe stage 4 of sleep
(4 points)
- deep sleep
- 30 mins
- delta waves
- bedwetting and sleepwalking
describe stage 5 of sleep
(4 points
- REM
- 20 - 25 percent
- dreaming
- increased respiration rate and brain activity
why does dreaming occur?
increased brain activity
what does increased brain activity lead to?
dreaming
on average, how many sleep cycles would someone have per night?
3-5
how long is a sleep cycle?
90 mins
sleep cycle
stages 1 - 5
stages of sleep ____ between people, but general ________ can be identified
vary, patterns
hypnogram
a minute by minute graphic record of a nights sleep, captured by an EGG
a minute by minute graphic record of a nights sleep, captured by an EGG
hypnogram
polysomonography
multi-parametric test used as a diagnostic tool, it is a recording of the biophysical changes that occur in sleep
multi-parametric test used as a diagnostic tool, it is a recording of the biophysical changes that occur in sleep
polysomonography
did dement and kleitman study sleep subjectively or objectively?
objectively
aims of dement and kleitmans study
- to find out if you dream during a particular stage
- to find out if EMs relate to dream content
- to see if R.E.M. length correlates positively with dream length
design of dement and kleitman (general)
lab experiment
9 adult participants (7m, 2f), 5 studied in detail
method of dement and kleitman (general)
participants came to the lab just before their usual bed time
went to bed in a dark, quiet room
participants asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol
an EEG measured REM sleep
EEG
electrodes attached to the participants face and scalp to record EMs and brain waves
electrodes attached to the participants face and scalp to record EMs and brain waves
EEG
summarise study 1 of dement and kleitman
(aim, method, results, conclusion)
AIM: does more dreaming occur during REM
METHOD: woken up randomly, REM and nREM. asked if they could remember dreaming
RESULTS: way more dreaming in REM than nREM
CONCLUSION: more dreaming occurs in REM than nREM
REM
rapid eye movement
nREM
non rapid eye movement
EM
eye movements
summarise study 2 of dement and kleitman
(aim, method, results, conclusion)
AIM: does REM length correlate with dream duration
METHOD: awoken 5 or 15 mins after REM began, asked to describe dream
RESULTS: REM length positively correlated with dream length
CONCLUSION: EEG measure of REM correlated positively with length of dream descriptions
positive correlation
if one factor goes up, so does the other
is the measure of REM objective?
yes, it is measured with an EEG
are self reports of dreaming objective?
no, it is subjective
summarise study 3 of dement and kleitman
(aim, method, results, conclusion)
AIM: is there a connection between EM patterns and dream content
METHOD: awoken after EM patterns occurred for one minute (vertical, horizontal, vertical and horizontal, or little to no EMs
RESULTS: 3 vertical dreams: dreams of looking up and down, cliffs, ladders
CONCLUSION: there is an association between EM patterns and dream content
findings of Dement and Kleitman
- participants more likely to say they were dreaming if woken during REM - supports theory that REM:dream sleep
- EMs link to dream content
what approach do Dement and Kleitman’s study support?
biological
4 positive evaluations of dement and kleitman’s study
- strong evidence that REM sleep is dream sleep, supported by later research. This makes the results more reliable
- was an objective way of studying dreams, allowed later researchers to establish the purpose of REM sleep
- took place in a lab and was highly controlled. variables were controlled, allowing for a clear conclusion
- suggested that EMs may relate to what appears in dreams
what study found that..
1. participants more likely to say they were dreaming if woken during REM - supports theory that REM:dream sleep
2. EMs link to dream content
Dement and Kleitman
AIM: is there a connection between EM patterns and dream content
METHOD: awoken after EM patterns occurred for one minute (vertical, horizontal, vertical and horizontal, or little to no EMs
RESULTS: 3 vertical dreams: dreams of looking up and down, cliffs, ladders
CONCLUSION: there is an association between EM patterns and dream content
study 3 of dement and kleitman
AIM: does REM length correlate with dream duration
METHOD: awoken 5 or 15 mins after REM began, asked to describe dream
RESULTS: REM length positively correlated with dream length
CONCLUSION: EEG measure of REM correlated positively with length of dream descriptions
study 2 of dement and kleitman
AIM: does more dreaming occur during REM
METHOD: woken up randomly, REM and nREM. asked if they could remember dreaming
RESULTS: way more dreaming in REM than nREM
CONCLUSION: more dreaming occurs in REM than nREM
study 1 of dement and kleitman
3 negative evaluations of dement and kleitman’s study
- sample size was very small (9 participants, 5 studied in detail), gender bias towards males. this makes it harder to apply the results to the entire population
- ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY, artificial setting of the study, frequent wakings, may have affected dream content and sleep quality. artificial setting does not reflect real life
- METHODLOGICAL, in study 2 participants had to self report, dreams may have occurred in nREM - just more difficult to recall
zeitgeber
an environmental trigger that helps the brain to know what time it is
an environmental trigger that helps the brain to know what time it is
zeitgeber
adenosine
chemical that builds up in neurone during the day, making us feel sleepy
chemical that builds up in neurone during the day, making us feel sleepy
adenosine
melatonin
hormone that makes us feel sleepy, released when its dark
hormone that makes us feel sleepy, released when its dark
melatonin
circadian rhythms
natural processes that occur over a 24 hour period
caffeine is the most _______ ______________ _____ in the world
popular psychoactive drug
where is caffeine found
coffee, tea, energy drinks
coffee, tea, energy drinks
common drinks with caffeine
how does caffeine work
blocks adenosine receptors making the body less responsive to adenosine build up
==== prevents us from feeling tired
blocks adenosine receptors making the body less responsive to adenosine build up
==== prevents us from feeling tired
caffeine
half life of caffeine
takes 5hrs for caffeine levels to drop in half in our blood
amphetamine
class B drug
‘speed’
recreational drug
affect of amphetamine
increased alertness
=== difficulty getting to sleep, affecting sleep patterns
increased alertness
=== difficulty getting to sleep, affecting sleep patterns
amphetamine
effect of alcohol
depressant, making us feel drowsy
has the effect of getting us to sleep
alcohol and sleep
alcohol disrupts the balance of REM sleep to nREM sleep
depressant, making us feel drowsy
has the effect of getting us to sleep
alcohol
disrupts the balance of REM sleep to nREM sleep
alcohol
affect of prescription drugs
often unwanted side affects on sleep
anti depressants
drowsiness or insomnia
drowsiness or insomnia
anti depressants
anti histamines
daytime drowsiness that can affect sleep later
daytime drowsiness that can affect sleep later
anti histamines
drugs
prescriptions
alcohol
caffeine
amphetamine
what does light affect?
circadian rhythms, tell us when to sleep or wake
artificial light
screens, lamps, etc
affect of artifical light
disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses melatonin (chang et al, 2014)
disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses metatonin (chang et al, 2014)
artifical light
chang et al, 2014
blue light disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses metatonin (chang et al, 2014)
worst light wavelengths for sleep
blue light
what does blue light do
upsets the production of sleep hormones, especially melatonin
result of more people staying up late working or on social media
epidemic of poor sleep and creating less productive workers/pupils the next day
epidemic of poor sleep and creating less productive workers/pupils the next day
result of more people staying up late working or on social media
blue light stops the body from knowing ___ ______ ___ _______
its time to sleep
Harvard experiment comparing 6.5hrs of blue light exposure vs 6.5hrs of green light
blue light suppressed melatonin for twice as long as green light
shifted the circadian rhythms twice as much (3hrs vs 1.5hrs)
blue light suppressed melatonin for twiner as long as green light
shifted the circadian rhythms twice as much (3hrs vs 1.5hrs)
Harvard experiment comparing 6.5hrs of blue light exposure vs 6.5hrs of green light
example of circadian rhythms
light
two causes of sleep deprivation
- enviormental; snoring, noises
- self inflicted; staying up late
recommended hours of sleep for adults
> 6, <8, 7
rechtschaffen et al (1989)
deprived rats of either
a) REM
or
b) both REM and nREM
findings of rechtschaffen et al (1989)
after 1 week: rats lost weight despite eating more food
after 2 weeks: rats lost considerable weight
after 4 weeks: they died (rats usually live for 2 yrs)
deprived rats of either
a) REM
or
b) both REM and nREM
rechtschaffen et al (1989)
after 1 week: rats lost weight despite eating more food
after 2 weeks: rats lost considerable weight
after 4 weeks: they died (rats usually live for 2 yrs)
findings of rechtschaffen et al (1989)
what year was rechtschaffen et al
1989
webb and bonnet (1979)
limited to participants to 2hrs of sleep in one night
== suffered no ill effects
however, participants fell asleep quicker and slept longer after being deprived
limited to participants to 2hrs of sleep in one night
== suffered no ill effects
however, participants fell asleep quicker and slept longer after being deprived
webb and bonnet (1979)
what year was webb and bonnet
1979
effects of sleep deprivation
memory and attention problems
weakening of immune system
increased risk of vehicle accidents
increase in BMI
increase risk of diabetes and heart problems
memory and attention problems
weakening of immune system
increased risk of vehicle accidents
increase in BMI
increase risk of diabetes and heart problems
effects of sleep deprivation
rem rebound
increase in rem sleep the night after sleep being reduced
increase in rem sleep the night after sleep being reduced
rem rebound
what happened when volunteers reduced sleep over time?
(rem rebound)
fell into REM sleep quicker and reduced the amount of non REM sleep between their dreams
fell into REM sleep quicker and reduced the amount of non REM sleep between their dreams
rem rebound
who was Peter Tripp
radio personality from the mid 50s
radio personality from the mid 50s
Peter tripp
what did Peter trip do in 1959
did a 201 hour wakeathon (working on the radio non stop without sleep for charity)
where did Peter trip do his wakeathon
in a glass booth in Times Square, NYC
did a 201 hour walkathon (working on the radio non stop without sleep for charity)
Peter trip in 1959
when did Peter Tripp do a 201 hour wakeathon (working on the radio non stop without sleep for charity)
1959
what happened to Peter Tripp a few days into the wakeathon
started hallucinating
what did Peter Tripps scientists do in the last 66 hours of his wakeathon?
gave him drug to keep him awake
when did scientists give Peter Tripp drugs
last 66 hours of wakeathon
why did scientists give Peter Tripp drugs
to keep him awake
what happened to Peter Tripp after the wakeathon?
Peter suffered psychologically
== thought he was an imposter
what happened to Peter Tripp during the wakeathon?
Peter suffered psychologically and physically
Peter suffered psychologically
== thought he was an imposter
Peter tripp after the wakeathon
Peter suffered psychologically and physically
Peter Tripp during the wakeathon
what did Peter tripps wife say about him after the wakeathon?
he never fully recovered
his personality was permanently changed
he never fully recovered
his personality was permanently changed
what Peter tripps wife said after the wakeathon
what theory does Peter Tripp support
restoration theory
restoration theory
without sleep we will suffer physically and mentally as we are not given the opportunity to restore
without sleep we will suffer physically and mentally as we are not given the opportunity to restore
restoration theory
who held the record for the scientifically longest sleep deprivation w/o any stimulatants
randy gardner
how long did randy Gardner stay awake for?
11 days, 264 hours
11 days, 264 hours
record for the scientifically longest sleep deprivation w/o any stimulatants, randy Gardner
who measured and monitored randy Gardner
dement, log kept by two classmates
what happened to randy Gardner?
had little effect, other than mood changes associated with tiredness
what did randy Gardner do on the 10th day?
was able to beat dement at pinball
who was able to beat dement at pinball on the 10th day of no sleep?
randy gardner
when was randy Gardner able to beat dement at pinball?
on the 10th day of no sleep
had little effect, other than mood changes associated with tiredness
randy gardner after no sleep for 11 days
what happened to randy Gardner on the 11th day of being awake?
he was asked to subtract 7 repeatedly from 100
when was randy Gardner asked to subtract 7 repeatedly from 100?
the 11th day of being awake
what happened when Randy Gardner was asked to subtract 7 repeatedly from 100?
he stopped at 65 as he had forgotten what he was doing
what did Randy Gardner do on the last final day of being awake?
spoke at a press conference without stuttering or stumbling, he appeared to be in excellent health
what was Randy Gardner like after staying awake for 11 days?
he was fine, no long term psychological or physical effects
what theory does Peter Tripp not support?
restoration theory
spoke at a press conference without stuttering or stumbling, he appeared to be in excellent health
Peter tripp on the last day of being awake
how does Randy gardner not support the restoration theory?
he suffered very few psychical side effects from his period of deprivation and returned to normal sleeping patterns
he suffered very few psychical side effects from his period of deprivation and returned to normal sleeping patterns
Randy Gardner not supporting restoration theory
sleep hygiene
controlling all behavioural and environmental factors that precede sleep and may interfere with sleep
controlling all behavioural and environmental factors that precede sleep and may interfere with sleep
sleep hygiene
5 tips for good sleep hygiene
- avoid napping during the day
- regular relaxing bed time routine, avoid stress before going to bed
- only sleep in your bed, not watch tv, radio, or reading
- make sure the environment is comfy
- avoid stimulants close to bed time
why should you avoid napping during the day
it can disturb the normal patterns of sleep and wakefulness
how to make your sleeping environment comfy
(3 points)
comfy bed
room shouldn’t be too hot or too cold
room should be dark
examples of stimulants
caffeine, nicotine, alcohol
why is good sleep hygiene important
promotes healthy sleep and daytime alertness. prevents the development of sleep problems and disorders
promotes healthy sleep and daytime alertness. prevents the development of sleep problems and disorders
good sleep hygiene
how does the body keep time?
the SCN
what is the SCN made up of
20 000 neurons
where is the SCN
in the hypothalamus
what does the SCN do
keeps the body in time
describe the SCN
20 000 neurons in the hypothalamus
what happens when sunlight decreases
- the visual system sends signals to the SCN
- the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
- neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
- the visual system sends signals to the SCN
- the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
- neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
what happens when sunlight decreases
1st step when sunlight decreases
- the visual system sends signals to the SCN
- the visual system sends signals to the SCN
1st step when sunlight decreases
2nd step when sunlight decreases
- the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
- the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
2nd step when sunlight decreases
3rd step when sunlight decreases
- neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
- neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
3rd step when sunlight decreases
zeitgebers
environmental triggers that affect sleep
environmental triggers that affect sleep
zeitgebers
what do zeitgebers do
affect our circadian rhythms and tell our brain when to sleep/wake
affect our circadian rhythms and tell our brain when to sleep/wake
zeitgebers
what is one group that struggles with circadian rhythms
people who have been blind since birth
what do people who have been blind since birth struggle with
circadian rhythms
exogenous Zeitgebers
cues from the enviorment which reset the biological clock
examples of exogenous zeitgebers
light, temperature
cues from the enviorment which reset the biological clock
exogenous Zeitgebers
endogenous pacemakers
internal biological processes that control our biological clock
internal biological processes that control our biological clock
endogenous pacemakers
siffre (1975)
when people were deprived of zeitgebers they still maintained a circadian rhythm, but it extended to 25 hours
when people were deprived of zeitgebers they still maintained a circadian rhythm, but it extended to 25 hours
siffre (1975)
what year was siffre on zeitgebers
1975
what did siffre 1975 show?
internal and external factors work in unison
what study showed that internal and external factors work in unison
siffre 1975
menaker et al (1978)
cut the SCN from the hamsters brain
cut the SCN from the hamsters brain
menaker et al (1978)
when did menaker et al cut the SCN from the hamsters brain
1978
what happened to the hamster in menaker et al (1978)?
its circadian rhythms were disrupted
what does menaker et al (1978) show?
the SCN controls the circadian rythms
what study proved that the SCN controls the circadian rythms
menaker at al (1978)
what info does the SCN get from eye nerves?
if its light or dark
what does the hypothalamus control?
homeostasis
what controls homeostasis
hypothalamus
homeostasis
the control of bodys internal conditions
the control of bodys internal conditions
homeostasis
what happens with adenosine
during the day, adenosine builds up in the brain neurons
when we sleep, it is cleared and replaced with energy
evidence on adenosine
caffeine works by blocking adenosine receptors
during the day, _________ builds up in the brain neurons
when we sleep, it is cleared and replaced with energy
adenosine
how does caffeine work
blocks adenosine receptors, preventing us from feeling sleepy
blocks adenosine receptors, preventing us from feeling sleepy
caffeine
what controls the release of melatonin
the SCN
when is melatonin released
when its dark
what is released when its dark
melatonin
what happens when melatonin builds up
gradually makes us feel sleepy
what hormone gradually makes us feel sleepy
melatonin
2 sleep categories
REM
nREM
EEG
measures brain waves
what measures brain waves
EEG
EOG
measures contractions in the eye muscles (left/right or up/down)
what measures contractions in the eye muscles (left/right or up/down)
EOG
what stage of sleep have beta waves
awake
what stage of sleep have alpha waves
drowsy
what stage of sleep have theta waves
stage 1
what stage of sleep have sleep spindles
stage 2
what stage of sleep have delta waves
stage 3 and 4
categories of evaluation
(EEDVS)
experiment
ethics
data
validity
sample
what happens to the body during REM?
the body is paralysed
why does the body become paralysed during REM?
so that people don’t act out their dreams
who developed the restoration theory of sleep?
oswald
when did Oswald develop the restoration theory of sleep?
1966
what theory did Oswald develop in 1966
restoration theory of sleep
restoration theory of sleep (Oswald 1966)
we sleep in order to restore our brains neurotransmitters and our bodys muscles/cells. (nREM)
AND to give our brain a rest (REM)
we sleep in order to restore our brains neurotransmitters and our bodys muscles/cells.
AND to give our brain a rest
restoration theory of sleep (Oswald 1966)
babies supporting restoration theory of sleep
babies sleep 50 percent more REM sleep as their cognitive functions are developing so quickly
babies sleep 50 percent more REM sleep as their cognitive functions are developing so quickly
babies supporting restoration theory of sleep
what does the Zager study show
sleep deprivation affects the immune system greatly
what study found that sleep deprivation affects the immune system greatly
Zager
what did Zager do?
deprived a group of rats for 24 hoursand compared with control group
deprived a group of rats for 24 hoursand compared with control group
what Zager did
results of Zagers study
deprived rats had a 20 percent decrease in white blood cells
deprived rats had a 20 percent decrease in white blood cells
results of Zagers study
what did the Shapiro study show
after preforming strenuous psychical activity the body slept 90 mins more per night, especially nREM
after preforming strenuous psychical activity the body slept 90 mins more per night, especially nREM
Shapiro study
what did Horne argue
sleep is not essential for physical functioning, at least in the short term
who argued that sleep is not essential for physical functioning, at least in the short term
Horne
what did Horne and Harley find
when the brain was warmed, 4/6 participants slept for longer
when the brain was warmed, 4/6 participants slept for longer
findings of Horne and Harley
findings of lavie et al
a 20 year old man who lost the ability to enter REM sleep was still able to function cognitively
a 20 year old man who lost the ability to enter REM sleep was still able to function cognitively
findings of lavie et al
what theory does lavie et al disagree with
restoration theory
activation synthesis
believes that dreams are essentially random and meaningless
what theory believes that dreams are essentially random and meaningless
activation synthesis
who developed activation synthesis
Hobson and McCarley
when did Hobson and McCarley develop activation synthesis
1988
according to activation synthesis, how are dreams produced
by random stimuli from the pons.
the forebrain recieves the stimuli and makes up stories to make sense of them
by random stimuli from the pons
the forebrain recieves the stimuli and makes up stories to make sense of them
according to activation synthesis, how are dreams produced
pons
part of the brain stem, involved in sight and hearing
part of the brain stem, involved in sight and hearing
pons
according to activation synthesis, dreams are not _______________
meaningfull
negative evaluation of activation synthesis
Domhoff (2005) found that 70% of dreams make sense and often contains experiences that occured that day
doesnt explain the storyline of dreams
Domhoff (2005) found that 70% of dreams make sense and often contains experiences that occured that day
doesnt explain the storyline of dreams
negative evaluation of activation synthesis
what approach does activation synthesis belong to
biological
cognitive approach to sleep
focuses on the role of sleep during memory and thinking
focuses on the role of sleep during memory and thinking
cognitive approach to sleep
purpose of sleep according to cognitive processes
to facilitate information processing
eg. organising memories
to facilitate information processing
eg. organising memories
purpose of sleep according to cognitive processes
what does the cognitive approach compare the brain to
a computer
stickgold 2009
sleep can be of benefit to every type of memory
those with a medium memory storage gain the biggest benefit
seehagen et al 2015
naps are just as beneficial as overnight sleep in relation to consolidation of learning
babies that had before hand taken a nap preformed better at learning new skills than those who hadnt
naps are just as beneficial as overnight sleep in relation to consolidation of learning
babies that had before hand taken a nap preformed better at learning new skills than those who hadnt
seehagen et al 2015
mednick et al 2003
learning could be consolidated by a nap
learning could be consolidated by a nap
mednick et al 2003
walker et al 2003
sleep helps memories to be reliably encoded but that recalling an item the following day reactivates the memory
sleep helps memories to be reliably encoded but that recalling an item the following day reactivates the memory
walker et al 2003
mazza et al 2016
splitting a study session over two days with a night’s rest reduced the practice time needed by half
splitting a study session over two days with a night’s rest reduced the practice time needed by half
mazza et al 2016
schema
a set of ideas or patterns of thought about a concept/situation
a set of ideas or patterns of thought about a concept/situation
schema
domhoff 2011
a dream is what happens when the mind doesnt have any other tasks.
similar to day dreams
previous tasks completed by the brain could seep into dreams
a dream is what happens when the mind doesnt have any other tasks.
similar to day dreams
previous tasks completed by the brain could seep into dreams
domhoff 2011
the continuity hypothesis of dreams
what we think about during the day –> what appears in our dreams
what we think about during the day –> what appears in our dreams
the continuity hypothesis of dreams
what approach does reorganisational theory belong to
cognitive
who developed reorganisational theory
crick and mitchison 1986
what theory did crick and mitchison develop in 1986
reorganisational theory
when did crick and mitchison develop reorganisational theory
1986
what is reorganisational theory based on
reverse learning
reverse learning
learning can be undone during REM sleep
learning can be undone during REM sleep
reverse learning
according to reorganisational theory, what are dreams?
a side affect
according to reorganisational theory, what happens when we sleep
the cortex becomes overloaded with information during the day
rem sleep means that unwanted memories are deleted to…
a) make space for new memories
b) improve organisation
the cortex becomes overloaded with information during the day
rem sleep means that unwanted memories are deleted to…
a) make space for new memories
b) improve organisation
according to reorganisational theory, what happens when we sleep
adaptive memories
memories that will be useful to retain
memories that will be useful to retain
adaptive memories
parasitic memories
useful/harmful memories that waste resources
useful/harmful memories that waste resources
parasitic memories
research supporting reorganisational theory
echidna and two species of dolphins do not have REM sleep but they have dispaportionately big cortexes.
researchers suggest this is so they have more space to store memories that wouldve been pruned during REM
echidna and two species of dolphins do not have REM sleep but they have dispaportionately big cortexes.
researchers suggest this is so they have more space to store memories that wouldve been pruned during REM
research supporting reorganisational theory
positive evaluation of reorganisational theory
gives a clear theory about why REM sleep could be important
the spiny anteater is a mammal who has no rem sleep, but has a enlarged frontal cortex
gives a clear theory about why REM sleep could be important
the spiny anteater is a mammal who has no rem sleep, but has a enlarged frontal cortex
positive evaluation of reorganisational theory
negative evaluation of reorganisational theory
lacks research on human participants
cant explain why dreams have a narrative and our dreams appear to make sense
lacks research on human participants
cant explain why dreams have a narrative and our dreams appear to make sense
negative evaluation of reorganisational theory
negative impacts of night shifts according to czeisler et al 1990
sleep deprivation
poor quality sleep
poor alertness
mistakes at work
risk of heart attacks, longer shift: higher chance
job stress
sleep deprivation
poor quality sleep
poor alertness
mistakes at work
risk of heart attacks, longer shift: higher chance
job stress
negative impacts of night shifts according to czeisler et al 1990
aim of czeisler et al (1990)
to find out whether disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle created by working through the night could be reduced by bright light exposure
to find out whether disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle created by working through the night could be reduced by bright light exposure
aim of czeisler et al (1990)
method of czeisler et al (1990)
lab experiment, 8 male participants in their 20s
men had no previously existing conditions and hadnt previously worked the night shift
participants didnt take any stimulants, drugs, caffeine, alcohol
men came to the lab at 11:45 for 6 days of shifts
shifts involved staying awake and doing cognitive tests and reporting on their mood and alertness
experimental group exposed to very bright light (12000 lumens) during the night shift and slept in complete darkness
control group exposed to normal lighting (150 lumens) and asked to sleep in normal conditions
lab experiment, 8 male participants in their 20s
men had no previously existing conditions and hadnt previously worked the night shift
participants didnt take any stimulants, drugs, caffeine, alcohol
men came to the lab at 11:45 for 6 days of shifts
shifts involved staying awake and doing cognitive tests and reporting on their mood and alertness
experimental group exposed to very bright light (12000 lumens) during the night shift and slept in complete darkness
control group exposed to normal lighting (150 lumens) and asked to sleep in normal conditions
method of czeisler et al (1990)
results of czeilser et al (1990)
experimental group slept for an average of 7.7 hours, control group for an average of 5.7 hours
alertness and cognitive performance were better in the experimental group than control group during the night shift
for the experimental group, biological measures (like body temp) shifted forward by 9 hours, control group stayed roughly the same
-> the endogenous pacemaker adapted for the experimental group
experimental group slept for an average of 7.7 hours, control group for an average of 5.7 hours
alertness and cognitive performance were better in the experimental group than control group during the night shift
for the experimental group, biological measures (like body temp) shifted forward by 9 hours, control group stayed roughly the same
-> the endogenous pacemaker adapted for the experimental group
results of czeilser et al (1990)
conclusion of czeilser et al (1990)
maladaptation to night shift work can be treated successfully with bright light exposure during work and darkness during the day
maladaptation to night shift work can be treated successfully with bright light exposure during work and darkness during the day
conclusion of czeilser et al (1990)
positive evaluation of czeilser et al
many variables were controlled, participants asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol
-> results were definetely because of light exposure not stimulants, an extraneous variable
the time difference betweem low point in temperature (an indicator of circadian rythms) for the two groups was huge
-> statistically impossible to happen by chance
ecological validity was higher than other sleep studies as participants travelled to and from work
-> reflects the typical experiences of real life night shift workers
many variables were controlled, participants asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol
-> results were definetely because of light exposure not stimulants, an extraneous variable
the time difference betweem low point in temperature (an indicator of circadian rythms) for the two groups was huge
-> statistically impossible to happen by chance
ecological validity was higher than other sleep studies as participants travelled to and from work
-> reflects the typical experiences of real life night shift workers
positive evaluation of czeilser et al
negative evaluation of czeilser et al
the sample size was a very small group of young males, findings cannot be generalised to the wider population
the participants could not be tightly controlled at home and therefore there are still some etreaneous variables that may have affected results, eg what they had for breakfast
ecological validity was low as it was not a real night shift. participants only had to do some cognitive tests
-> the stress of real shift work could lead to different results
the sample size was a very small group of young males, findings cannot be generalised to the wider population
the participants could not be tightly controlled at home and therefore there are still some etreaneous variables that may have affected results, eg what they had for breakfast
ecological validity was low as it was not a real night shift. participants only had to do some cognitive tests
-> the stress of real shift work could lead to different results
negative evaluation of czeilser et al
boivin et al (1996) method
31 male participants on an inverted sleep pattern
-> awake during the night and slept during the day for three days
each day they woke they were sat infront of dim light for 5 hours and then placed in one of four conditions:
- very bright light
- bright light
- ordinary room light
- continued dim light
core body temps were recorded and used as a measure of how well they were adapting to the new rythm
31 male participants on an inverted sleep pattern
-> awake during the night and slept during the day for three days
each day they woke they were sat infront of dim light for 5 hours and then placed in one of four conditions:
- very bright light
- bright light
- ordinary room light
- continued dim light
core body temps were recorded and used as a measure of how well they were adapting to the new rythm
boivin et al (1996) method
boivin et al (1996) results
after 3 days…
- group 1 had advanced by 5 hours
-> adapting best to new patterns - group 2 had advanced by 3 hours
- group 3 had advanced by 1 hour
group 4 had drifted back by 1 hour
-> failed to show any signs of adapting
after 3 days…
- group 1 had advanced by 5 hours
-> adapting best to new patterns - group 2 had advanced by 3 hours
- group 3 had advanced by 1 hour
group 4 had drifted back by 1 hour
-> failed to show any signs of adapting
boivin et al (1996) results
boivin et al (1996) conclusion
artifical light can help us adapt our biological rythms to suit the enviornment, brighter light is even more effective
artifical light can help us adapt our biological rythms to suit the enviornment, brighter light is even more effective
boivin et al (1996) conclusion
boivin et al (1996) use
useful in the workplace to help night shift workers adapt to changing sleep cycles
useful in the workplace to help night shift workers adapt to changing sleep cycles
boivin et al (1996) use
according to psychodynamic, what are the three parts of the brain
ego, id, and superego
ego, id, and superego
according to psychodynamic, what are the three parts of the brain
the unconsious mind that includes our desire for pleasure and gratification.
doesn’t understand rules or concequences
id
id
the unconsious mind that includes our desire for pleasure and gratification.
doesn’t understand rules or concequences
superego
partly consious, partly unconsious.
our awareness of society’s rules providing us with a moral compass and guilt.
acts as a mediator
partly consious, partly unconsious.
our awareness of society’s rules providing us with a moral compass and guilt.
acts as a mediator
superego
ego
the conscious mind are things we are aware of
the conscious mind are things we are aware of
ego
according to psychodynamic, the three parts of the brain are in ______ _______, each trying to _____ ____ ________
according to psychodynamic, the three parts of the brain are in constant conflict, each trying to reach the surface
according to ____________, the three parts of the brain are in constant conflict, each trying to reach the surface
psychodynamic approach
first function of dreams according to psychodynamic
to express basic urges produced by the id, revealing fantasies and wish fufillment
-> dreams about things we want but often cant have
to express basic urges produced by the id, revealing fantasies and wish fufillment
-> dreams about things we want but often cant have
first function of dreams according to psychodynamic
according to psychodynamic, during sleep, what part of the brain becomes dominant
the id
according to psychodynamic, what do dreams reveal
our unconsious wishes and fantasies
according to psychodynamic, what reveals are unconsious wishes and fantasies
dreams
when you are awake, what suppresses the id
the ego
when you are awake, what does the ego suppress
the id
what are the desires of the id described as
inappropriate and psychologically harmful
why does the superego suppress our dreams
to protect us
how does the superego protect us from our dreams
makes them difficult to remember
second function of dreams according to psychodynamic
to present hidden messages through symbols to represent the ideas that the consious mind finds disturbing/embarrassing
to present hidden messages through symbols to represent the ideas that the consious mind finds disturbing/embarrassing
second function of dreams according to psychodynamic
in dreams, what does symbolism allow for?
for anything disturbing to the ego to be hidden by the id
manifest content
what dreams appear to be about, story of the dream
what dreams appear to be about, story of the dream
manifest content
latent content
the hidden content of the dream, its real meaning
the hidden content of the dream, its real meaning
latent content
manifest content may contain _______________
symbolic content
latent content ________________________
hides behind the manifest content
aim of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
to provide evidence for the oedipus complex
to provide evidence for the oedipus complex
aim of Freuds case study of Little hans (1890)
method of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
exchanged letters with Hans’ dad discussing his behaviour, especially his fear of horses
exchanged letters with Hans’ dad discussing his behaviour, especially his fear of horses
method of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
first finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother
he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother
first finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
second finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe
he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe
second finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
third finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1909)
a plumer came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession
a plumer came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession
third finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
three finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother
he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe
a plumber came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession
he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother
he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe
a plumer came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession
three finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)
what was freud accused of
research bias
research bias
when a researcher’s perspective influences the result of the study whilst claiming an objective point of view
when a researcher’s perspective influences the result of the study whilst claiming an objective point of view
research bias
defense mechanisms
strategies that the ego uses to distort reality to defend itself from various emotions or conflicts within the mind
strategies that the ego uses to distort reality to defend itself from various emotions or conflicts within the mind
defense mechanisms
displacement
during a dream, instead of focusing on the intended object, a meaningless object is focused on
during a dream, instead of focusing on the intended object, a meaningless object is focused on
displacement
symbolism
the object in the dream is a symbol for a deeper hidden issue that your mind is in conflict with
the object in the dream is a symbol for a deeper hidden issue that your mind is in conflict with
symbolism
condensation
two or more latent thoughts are combined to make up one manifest dream image
-> makes dream analysis more difficult as analysts must consider two different meanings behind a singular piece of evidence
two or more latent thoughts are combined to make up one manifest dream image
-> makes dream analysis more difficult as analysts must consider two different meanings behind a singular piece of evidence
condensation
secondary elaboration
the symbols and behaviours within the dream are made into a coherant story
makes it harder to understand latent content
the symbols and behaviours within the dream are made into a coherant story
makes it harder to understand latent content
secondary elaboration
what uses defense mechanisms
the superego
positive evaluation of psychodynamic approach
impact on popular understanding of dreams, theory explains a link between dreaming and desire
moved forward the scientific study of dreams by stating that dreams have a psychological meaning rather than predicting the future
supported by Solms (1999) that there is a link between dreaming and desire
impact on popular understanding of dreams, theory explains a link between dreaming and desire
moved forward the scientific study of dreams by stating that dreams have a psychological meaning rather than predicting the future
supported by Solms (1999) that there is a link between dreaming and desire
positive evaluation of psychodynamic approach
Solms (1999)
participants suffering from strokes revealed that they lost their capacity to dream if there is damage to areas of higher forebrain governing desires
participants suffering from strokes revealed that they lost their capacity to dream if there is damage to areas of higher forebrain governing desires
Solms (1999)
negative evaluation of psychodynamic approach
biased sample, used mainly middle-class women from vienna
lacks scientific research that dreams have hidden meanings at all
case studies cannot be generalised to the wider population
psychoanalysts do not all agree on how to interpret dreams, such as Jung
emphasises sexual factors
the approach struggles to explain nightmares, the idea of wish fufilment doesn’t explain unpleasant dreams
biased sample, used mainly middle-class women from vienna
lacks scientific research that dreams have hidden meanings at all
case studies cannot be generalised to the wider population
psychoanalysts do not all agree on how to interpret dreams, such as Jung
emphasises sexual factors
the approach struggles to explain nightmares, the idea of wish fufilment doesn’t explain unpleasant dreams
negative evaluation of psychodynamic approach
Histamine
Wakefulness transmitter
What does caffeine increase
Adrenaline production
What is alcohol at first
Depressant
What does alcohol do secondly
Stimulant
Dement and kleitman analyse points
Objective way of studying dreams
Enabled late researchers to establish purpose of rem
Interpret Peter trips eye twitches, could have been in REM while being awake
Relax to memory consolidation, reorganisational theory highlights importance of rem
Compare to czeilser
Factors affecting sleep analysis
Too much caffeine will disrupt sleep wake cycle
Research found caffeine can delay the timing of the body clock. Reducing sleep time and quality.
One application is caffeine high energy drinks are banned for >16 in Scotland
Some ppl have higher tolerances to caffeine so some people will be less affected by caffeine
Avoid LED devices prior to sleep
Led devices now use red light to replace the more harmful effects of blue light
Biological processes analysis (6)
Evidence from studies such as Salas and Gamaldo suggest that recovery rates after surgery are improved if sleep quality is good
If biochemistry plays a strong role in sleep and dreams, treatments for sleep disorders should be too
Like cognitive, suggests that newly formed connections between neurons in the brain happen in REM - this helps learning and memory
Uses objective measures such as EEG and EOG. This is unlike psychodynamic which primarily uses subjective measures like dream analysis.
One application is the use of melatonin for sleep disorders such as jet lag
Unlikely that sleep and dreaming is influenced only by our biology. This makes the approach reductionist. Cognitive approach should be used along side drug therapy.
Analyse cognitive processes (6)
If cognitions play a strong role in sleep and dreams, treatment should be cognitive too.
Like biological approach, suggests that newly formed connections between neurons in the brain happen during REM sleep.
Some cognitive theories suggest dreams are meaningless and random. However, psychodynamic approach suggests dreams are very meaningful and express our deepest wishes.
Application - should get good night sleep before exam so that your learning has time to consolidate.
Peter Tripp had cognitive decline after a few days without sleep. This suggests that sleep is necessary for cognitive maintenance.
Application - before undertaking a newly learned procedural task, you should sleep on it.
Psychodynamic processes analysis (3)
If the unconscious mind plays a strong role in sleep and dreams, treatments for sleep disorders should involve uncovering these unconscious processes
Unlike biological and cognitive approach, doesn’t use objective measures of sleep and dreams
One application is that psychoanalytic treatment, such as dream analysis, can be used to uncover unconscious conflicts that cause psychological distress
Evaluate restoration theory
Supported by siffre 1972 - body has its own internal body clock o regulate the sleep wake cycle in the absence of light
Peter Tripp
Zager et al
Shapiro
Hobson
Czeisler 1990 analysis (4)
Improve sleep of night shift orders across the globe. Maladaptation to night shift means workers are tired and more likely to make mistakes.
Chernobyl.
Workers may binge on caffeine and sugar to help them stay awake which can lead to coronary heart disease and diabetes. Intensive light therapy would reduce this.
NASA uses intensive light to allow astronauts to adapt to night shift conditions in space for the launch of the space shuttle Colombia.
