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Sleep and Dreams Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe stage 1 of sleep

(4 points)

A
  • Beginning of the sleep schedule
  • 5-10 mins
  • light sleep
  • high amplitude theta waves (slow brain waves)
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2
Q

describe stage 2 of sleep

(4 points)

A
  • light sleep
  • 20 mins
  • rapid, rythmic brain waves (sleep spindles)
  • body temp decrease, heart rate slows
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3
Q

describe stage 3 of sleep

(2 points)

A
  • transition between light and deep sleep
  • delta waves
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4
Q

describe stage 4 of sleep

(4 points)

A
  • deep sleep
  • 30 mins
  • delta waves
  • bedwetting and sleepwalking
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5
Q

describe stage 5 of sleep

(4 points

A
  • REM
  • 20 - 25 percent
  • dreaming
  • increased respiration rate and brain activity
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6
Q

why does dreaming occur?

A

increased brain activity

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7
Q

what does increased brain activity lead to?

A

dreaming

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8
Q

on average, how many sleep cycles would someone have per night?

A

3-5

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9
Q

how long is a sleep cycle?

A

90 mins

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10
Q

sleep cycle

A

stages 1 - 5

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11
Q

stages of sleep ____ between people, but general ________ can be identified

A

vary, patterns

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12
Q

hypnogram

A

a minute by minute graphic record of a nights sleep, captured by an EGG

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13
Q

a minute by minute graphic record of a nights sleep, captured by an EGG

A

hypnogram

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14
Q

polysomonography

A

multi-parametric test used as a diagnostic tool, it is a recording of the biophysical changes that occur in sleep

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15
Q

multi-parametric test used as a diagnostic tool, it is a recording of the biophysical changes that occur in sleep

A

polysomonography

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16
Q

did dement and kleitman study sleep subjectively or objectively?

A

objectively

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17
Q

aims of dement and kleitmans study

A
  1. to find out if you dream during a particular stage
  2. to find out if EMs relate to dream content
  3. to see if R.E.M. length correlates positively with dream length
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18
Q

design of dement and kleitman (general)

A

lab experiment
9 adult participants (7m, 2f), 5 studied in detail

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20
Q

method of dement and kleitman (general)

A

participants came to the lab just before their usual bed time
went to bed in a dark, quiet room
participants asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol
an EEG measured REM sleep

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20
Q

EEG

A

electrodes attached to the participants face and scalp to record EMs and brain waves

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21
Q

electrodes attached to the participants face and scalp to record EMs and brain waves

A

EEG

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22
Q

summarise study 1 of dement and kleitman
(aim, method, results, conclusion)

A

AIM: does more dreaming occur during REM
METHOD: woken up randomly, REM and nREM. asked if they could remember dreaming
RESULTS: way more dreaming in REM than nREM
CONCLUSION: more dreaming occurs in REM than nREM

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23
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement

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24
Q

nREM

A

non rapid eye movement

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25
Q

EM

A

eye movements

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26
Q

summarise study 2 of dement and kleitman
(aim, method, results, conclusion)

A

AIM: does REM length correlate with dream duration
METHOD: awoken 5 or 15 mins after REM began, asked to describe dream
RESULTS: REM length positively correlated with dream length
CONCLUSION: EEG measure of REM correlated positively with length of dream descriptions

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27
Q

positive correlation

A

if one factor goes up, so does the other

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28
Q

is the measure of REM objective?

A

yes, it is measured with an EEG

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29
Q

are self reports of dreaming objective?

A

no, it is subjective

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30
Q

summarise study 3 of dement and kleitman
(aim, method, results, conclusion)

A

AIM: is there a connection between EM patterns and dream content
METHOD: awoken after EM patterns occurred for one minute (vertical, horizontal, vertical and horizontal, or little to no EMs
RESULTS: 3 vertical dreams: dreams of looking up and down, cliffs, ladders
CONCLUSION: there is an association between EM patterns and dream content

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31
Q

findings of Dement and Kleitman

A
  1. participants more likely to say they were dreaming if woken during REM - supports theory that REM:dream sleep
  2. EMs link to dream content
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32
Q

what approach do Dement and Kleitman’s study support?

A

biological

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33
Q

4 positive evaluations of dement and kleitman’s study

A
  1. strong evidence that REM sleep is dream sleep, supported by later research. This makes the results more reliable
  2. was an objective way of studying dreams, allowed later researchers to establish the purpose of REM sleep
  3. took place in a lab and was highly controlled. variables were controlled, allowing for a clear conclusion
  4. suggested that EMs may relate to what appears in dreams
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34
Q

what study found that..
1. participants more likely to say they were dreaming if woken during REM - supports theory that REM:dream sleep
2. EMs link to dream content

A

Dement and Kleitman

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35
Q

AIM: is there a connection between EM patterns and dream content
METHOD: awoken after EM patterns occurred for one minute (vertical, horizontal, vertical and horizontal, or little to no EMs
RESULTS: 3 vertical dreams: dreams of looking up and down, cliffs, ladders
CONCLUSION: there is an association between EM patterns and dream content

A

study 3 of dement and kleitman

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36
Q

AIM: does REM length correlate with dream duration
METHOD: awoken 5 or 15 mins after REM began, asked to describe dream
RESULTS: REM length positively correlated with dream length
CONCLUSION: EEG measure of REM correlated positively with length of dream descriptions

A

study 2 of dement and kleitman

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37
Q

AIM: does more dreaming occur during REM
METHOD: woken up randomly, REM and nREM. asked if they could remember dreaming
RESULTS: way more dreaming in REM than nREM
CONCLUSION: more dreaming occurs in REM than nREM

A

study 1 of dement and kleitman

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38
Q

3 negative evaluations of dement and kleitman’s study

A
  1. sample size was very small (9 participants, 5 studied in detail), gender bias towards males. this makes it harder to apply the results to the entire population
  2. ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY, artificial setting of the study, frequent wakings, may have affected dream content and sleep quality. artificial setting does not reflect real life
  3. METHODLOGICAL, in study 2 participants had to self report, dreams may have occurred in nREM - just more difficult to recall
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39
Q

zeitgeber

A

an environmental trigger that helps the brain to know what time it is

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40
Q

an environmental trigger that helps the brain to know what time it is

A

zeitgeber

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41
Q

adenosine

A

chemical that builds up in neurone during the day, making us feel sleepy

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42
Q

chemical that builds up in neurone during the day, making us feel sleepy

A

adenosine

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43
Q

melatonin

A

hormone that makes us feel sleepy, released when its dark

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44
Q

hormone that makes us feel sleepy, released when its dark

A

melatonin

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45
Q

circadian rhythms

A

natural processes that occur over a 24 hour period

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46
Q

caffeine is the most _______ ______________ _____ in the world

A

popular psychoactive drug

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47
Q

where is caffeine found

A

coffee, tea, energy drinks

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48
Q

coffee, tea, energy drinks

A

common drinks with caffeine

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49
Q

how does caffeine work

A

blocks adenosine receptors making the body less responsive to adenosine build up
==== prevents us from feeling tired

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50
Q

blocks adenosine receptors making the body less responsive to adenosine build up
==== prevents us from feeling tired

A

caffeine

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51
Q

half life of caffeine

A

takes 5hrs for caffeine levels to drop in half in our blood

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52
Q

amphetamine

A

class B drug
‘speed’
recreational drug

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53
Q

affect of amphetamine

A

increased alertness
=== difficulty getting to sleep, affecting sleep patterns

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54
Q

increased alertness
=== difficulty getting to sleep, affecting sleep patterns

A

amphetamine

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55
Q

effect of alcohol

A

depressant, making us feel drowsy
has the effect of getting us to sleep

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56
Q

alcohol and sleep

A

alcohol disrupts the balance of REM sleep to nREM sleep

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57
Q

depressant, making us feel drowsy
has the effect of getting us to sleep

A

alcohol

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58
Q

disrupts the balance of REM sleep to nREM sleep

A

alcohol

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59
Q

affect of prescription drugs

A

often unwanted side affects on sleep

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60
Q

anti depressants

A

drowsiness or insomnia

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61
Q

drowsiness or insomnia

A

anti depressants

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62
Q

anti histamines

A

daytime drowsiness that can affect sleep later

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63
Q

daytime drowsiness that can affect sleep later

A

anti histamines

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64
Q

drugs

A

prescriptions
alcohol
caffeine
amphetamine

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65
Q

what does light affect?

A

circadian rhythms, tell us when to sleep or wake

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66
Q

artificial light

A

screens, lamps, etc

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67
Q

affect of artifical light

A

disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses melatonin (chang et al, 2014)

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68
Q

disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses metatonin (chang et al, 2014)

A

artifical light

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69
Q

chang et al, 2014

A

blue light disrupts circadian rhythms and suppresses metatonin (chang et al, 2014)

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70
Q

worst light wavelengths for sleep

A

blue light

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71
Q

what does blue light do

A

upsets the production of sleep hormones, especially melatonin

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72
Q

result of more people staying up late working or on social media

A

epidemic of poor sleep and creating less productive workers/pupils the next day

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73
Q

epidemic of poor sleep and creating less productive workers/pupils the next day

A

result of more people staying up late working or on social media

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74
Q

blue light stops the body from knowing ___ ______ ___ _______

A

its time to sleep

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75
Q

Harvard experiment comparing 6.5hrs of blue light exposure vs 6.5hrs of green light

A

blue light suppressed melatonin for twice as long as green light

shifted the circadian rhythms twice as much (3hrs vs 1.5hrs)

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76
Q

blue light suppressed melatonin for twiner as long as green light

shifted the circadian rhythms twice as much (3hrs vs 1.5hrs)

A

Harvard experiment comparing 6.5hrs of blue light exposure vs 6.5hrs of green light

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77
Q

example of circadian rhythms

A

light

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78
Q

two causes of sleep deprivation

A
  1. enviormental; snoring, noises
  2. self inflicted; staying up late
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79
Q

recommended hours of sleep for adults

A

> 6, <8, 7

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80
Q

rechtschaffen et al (1989)

A

deprived rats of either

a) REM

or

b) both REM and nREM

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81
Q

findings of rechtschaffen et al (1989)

A

after 1 week: rats lost weight despite eating more food
after 2 weeks: rats lost considerable weight
after 4 weeks: they died (rats usually live for 2 yrs)

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82
Q

deprived rats of either

a) REM

or

b) both REM and nREM

A

rechtschaffen et al (1989)

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83
Q

after 1 week: rats lost weight despite eating more food
after 2 weeks: rats lost considerable weight
after 4 weeks: they died (rats usually live for 2 yrs)

A

findings of rechtschaffen et al (1989)

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84
Q

what year was rechtschaffen et al

A

1989

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85
Q

webb and bonnet (1979)

A

limited to participants to 2hrs of sleep in one night
== suffered no ill effects

however, participants fell asleep quicker and slept longer after being deprived

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86
Q

limited to participants to 2hrs of sleep in one night
== suffered no ill effects

however, participants fell asleep quicker and slept longer after being deprived

A

webb and bonnet (1979)

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87
Q

what year was webb and bonnet

A

1979

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88
Q

effects of sleep deprivation

A

memory and attention problems
weakening of immune system
increased risk of vehicle accidents
increase in BMI
increase risk of diabetes and heart problems

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89
Q

memory and attention problems
weakening of immune system
increased risk of vehicle accidents
increase in BMI
increase risk of diabetes and heart problems

A

effects of sleep deprivation

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90
Q

rem rebound

A

increase in rem sleep the night after sleep being reduced

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91
Q

increase in rem sleep the night after sleep being reduced

A

rem rebound

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92
Q

what happened when volunteers reduced sleep over time?
(rem rebound)

A

fell into REM sleep quicker and reduced the amount of non REM sleep between their dreams

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93
Q

fell into REM sleep quicker and reduced the amount of non REM sleep between their dreams

A

rem rebound

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94
Q

who was Peter Tripp

A

radio personality from the mid 50s

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95
Q

radio personality from the mid 50s

A

Peter tripp

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96
Q

what did Peter trip do in 1959

A

did a 201 hour wakeathon (working on the radio non stop without sleep for charity)

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97
Q

where did Peter trip do his wakeathon

A

in a glass booth in Times Square, NYC

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98
Q

did a 201 hour walkathon (working on the radio non stop without sleep for charity)

A

Peter trip in 1959

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99
Q

when did Peter Tripp do a 201 hour wakeathon (working on the radio non stop without sleep for charity)

A

1959

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100
Q

what happened to Peter Tripp a few days into the wakeathon

A

started hallucinating

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101
Q

what did Peter Tripps scientists do in the last 66 hours of his wakeathon?

A

gave him drug to keep him awake

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102
Q

when did scientists give Peter Tripp drugs

A

last 66 hours of wakeathon

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103
Q

why did scientists give Peter Tripp drugs

A

to keep him awake

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104
Q

what happened to Peter Tripp after the wakeathon?

A

Peter suffered psychologically
== thought he was an imposter

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105
Q

what happened to Peter Tripp during the wakeathon?

A

Peter suffered psychologically and physically

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106
Q

Peter suffered psychologically
== thought he was an imposter

A

Peter tripp after the wakeathon

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107
Q

Peter suffered psychologically and physically

A

Peter Tripp during the wakeathon

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108
Q

what did Peter tripps wife say about him after the wakeathon?

A

he never fully recovered

his personality was permanently changed

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109
Q

he never fully recovered

his personality was permanently changed

A

what Peter tripps wife said after the wakeathon

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110
Q

what theory does Peter Tripp support

A

restoration theory

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111
Q

restoration theory

A

without sleep we will suffer physically and mentally as we are not given the opportunity to restore

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112
Q

without sleep we will suffer physically and mentally as we are not given the opportunity to restore

A

restoration theory

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113
Q

who held the record for the scientifically longest sleep deprivation w/o any stimulatants

A

randy gardner

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114
Q

how long did randy Gardner stay awake for?

A

11 days, 264 hours

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115
Q

11 days, 264 hours

A

record for the scientifically longest sleep deprivation w/o any stimulatants, randy Gardner

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116
Q

who measured and monitored randy Gardner

A

dement, log kept by two classmates

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117
Q

what happened to randy Gardner?

A

had little effect, other than mood changes associated with tiredness

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118
Q

what did randy Gardner do on the 10th day?

A

was able to beat dement at pinball

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119
Q

who was able to beat dement at pinball on the 10th day of no sleep?

A

randy gardner

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120
Q

when was randy Gardner able to beat dement at pinball?

A

on the 10th day of no sleep

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121
Q

had little effect, other than mood changes associated with tiredness

A

randy gardner after no sleep for 11 days

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122
Q

what happened to randy Gardner on the 11th day of being awake?

A

he was asked to subtract 7 repeatedly from 100

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123
Q

when was randy Gardner asked to subtract 7 repeatedly from 100?

A

the 11th day of being awake

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124
Q

what happened when Randy Gardner was asked to subtract 7 repeatedly from 100?

A

he stopped at 65 as he had forgotten what he was doing

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125
Q

what did Randy Gardner do on the last final day of being awake?

A

spoke at a press conference without stuttering or stumbling, he appeared to be in excellent health

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126
Q

what was Randy Gardner like after staying awake for 11 days?

A

he was fine, no long term psychological or physical effects

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127
Q

what theory does Peter Tripp not support?

A

restoration theory

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128
Q

spoke at a press conference without stuttering or stumbling, he appeared to be in excellent health

A

Peter tripp on the last day of being awake

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129
Q

how does Randy gardner not support the restoration theory?

A

he suffered very few psychical side effects from his period of deprivation and returned to normal sleeping patterns

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130
Q

he suffered very few psychical side effects from his period of deprivation and returned to normal sleeping patterns

A

Randy Gardner not supporting restoration theory

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131
Q

sleep hygiene

A

controlling all behavioural and environmental factors that precede sleep and may interfere with sleep

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132
Q

controlling all behavioural and environmental factors that precede sleep and may interfere with sleep

A

sleep hygiene

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133
Q

5 tips for good sleep hygiene

A
  1. avoid napping during the day
  2. regular relaxing bed time routine, avoid stress before going to bed
  3. only sleep in your bed, not watch tv, radio, or reading
  4. make sure the environment is comfy
  5. avoid stimulants close to bed time
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134
Q

why should you avoid napping during the day

A

it can disturb the normal patterns of sleep and wakefulness

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135
Q

how to make your sleeping environment comfy

(3 points)

A

comfy bed

room shouldn’t be too hot or too cold

room should be dark

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136
Q

examples of stimulants

A

caffeine, nicotine, alcohol

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137
Q

why is good sleep hygiene important

A

promotes healthy sleep and daytime alertness. prevents the development of sleep problems and disorders

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138
Q

promotes healthy sleep and daytime alertness. prevents the development of sleep problems and disorders

A

good sleep hygiene

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139
Q

how does the body keep time?

A

the SCN

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140
Q

what is the SCN made up of

A

20 000 neurons

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141
Q

where is the SCN

A

in the hypothalamus

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142
Q

what does the SCN do

A

keeps the body in time

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143
Q

describe the SCN

A

20 000 neurons in the hypothalamus

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144
Q

what happens when sunlight decreases

A
  1. the visual system sends signals to the SCN
  2. the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
  3. neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
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145
Q
  1. the visual system sends signals to the SCN
  2. the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
  3. neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
A

what happens when sunlight decreases

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146
Q

1st step when sunlight decreases

A
  1. the visual system sends signals to the SCN
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147
Q
  1. the visual system sends signals to the SCN
A

1st step when sunlight decreases

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148
Q

2nd step when sunlight decreases

A
  1. the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
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149
Q
  1. the SCN sends signals to the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin
A

2nd step when sunlight decreases

150
Q

3rd step when sunlight decreases

A
  1. neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
151
Q
  1. neurons project from the SCN to the pineal gland, making us sleepy
A

3rd step when sunlight decreases

152
Q

zeitgebers

A

environmental triggers that affect sleep

153
Q

environmental triggers that affect sleep

A

zeitgebers

154
Q

what do zeitgebers do

A

affect our circadian rhythms and tell our brain when to sleep/wake

155
Q

affect our circadian rhythms and tell our brain when to sleep/wake

A

zeitgebers

156
Q

what is one group that struggles with circadian rhythms

A

people who have been blind since birth

157
Q

what do people who have been blind since birth struggle with

A

circadian rhythms

158
Q

exogenous Zeitgebers

A

cues from the enviorment which reset the biological clock

159
Q

examples of exogenous zeitgebers

A

light, temperature

160
Q

cues from the enviorment which reset the biological clock

A

exogenous Zeitgebers

161
Q

endogenous pacemakers

A

internal biological processes that control our biological clock

162
Q

internal biological processes that control our biological clock

A

endogenous pacemakers

163
Q

siffre (1975)

A

when people were deprived of zeitgebers they still maintained a circadian rhythm, but it extended to 25 hours

164
Q

when people were deprived of zeitgebers they still maintained a circadian rhythm, but it extended to 25 hours

A

siffre (1975)

165
Q

what year was siffre on zeitgebers

A

1975

166
Q

what did siffre 1975 show?

A

internal and external factors work in unison

167
Q

what study showed that internal and external factors work in unison

A

siffre 1975

168
Q

menaker et al (1978)

A

cut the SCN from the hamsters brain

169
Q

cut the SCN from the hamsters brain

A

menaker et al (1978)

170
Q

when did menaker et al cut the SCN from the hamsters brain

A

1978

171
Q

what happened to the hamster in menaker et al (1978)?

A

its circadian rhythms were disrupted

172
Q

what does menaker et al (1978) show?

A

the SCN controls the circadian rythms

173
Q

what study proved that the SCN controls the circadian rythms

A

menaker at al (1978)

174
Q

what info does the SCN get from eye nerves?

A

if its light or dark

175
Q

what does the hypothalamus control?

A

homeostasis

176
Q

what controls homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

177
Q

homeostasis

A

the control of bodys internal conditions

178
Q

the control of bodys internal conditions

A

homeostasis

179
Q

what happens with adenosine

A

during the day, adenosine builds up in the brain neurons

when we sleep, it is cleared and replaced with energy

180
Q

evidence on adenosine

A

caffeine works by blocking adenosine receptors

181
Q

during the day, _________ builds up in the brain neurons

when we sleep, it is cleared and replaced with energy

A

adenosine

182
Q

how does caffeine work

A

blocks adenosine receptors, preventing us from feeling sleepy

183
Q

blocks adenosine receptors, preventing us from feeling sleepy

A

caffeine

184
Q

what controls the release of melatonin

A

the SCN

185
Q

when is melatonin released

A

when its dark

186
Q

what is released when its dark

A

melatonin

187
Q

what happens when melatonin builds up

A

gradually makes us feel sleepy

188
Q

what hormone gradually makes us feel sleepy

A

melatonin

189
Q

2 sleep categories

A

REM
nREM

190
Q

EEG

A

measures brain waves

191
Q

what measures brain waves

A

EEG

192
Q

EOG

A

measures contractions in the eye muscles (left/right or up/down)

193
Q

what measures contractions in the eye muscles (left/right or up/down)

A

EOG

194
Q

what stage of sleep have beta waves

A

awake

195
Q

what stage of sleep have alpha waves

A

drowsy

196
Q

what stage of sleep have theta waves

A

stage 1

197
Q

what stage of sleep have sleep spindles

A

stage 2

198
Q

what stage of sleep have delta waves

A

stage 3 and 4

199
Q

categories of evaluation
(EEDVS)

A

experiment

ethics

data

validity

sample

200
Q

what happens to the body during REM?

A

the body is paralysed

201
Q

why does the body become paralysed during REM?

A

so that people don’t act out their dreams

202
Q

who developed the restoration theory of sleep?

A

oswald

203
Q

when did Oswald develop the restoration theory of sleep?

A

1966

204
Q

what theory did Oswald develop in 1966

A

restoration theory of sleep

205
Q

restoration theory of sleep (Oswald 1966)

A

we sleep in order to restore our brains neurotransmitters and our bodys muscles/cells. (nREM)

AND to give our brain a rest (REM)

206
Q

we sleep in order to restore our brains neurotransmitters and our bodys muscles/cells.

AND to give our brain a rest

A

restoration theory of sleep (Oswald 1966)

207
Q

babies supporting restoration theory of sleep

A

babies sleep 50 percent more REM sleep as their cognitive functions are developing so quickly

208
Q

babies sleep 50 percent more REM sleep as their cognitive functions are developing so quickly

A

babies supporting restoration theory of sleep

209
Q

what does the Zager study show

A

sleep deprivation affects the immune system greatly

210
Q

what study found that sleep deprivation affects the immune system greatly

A

Zager

211
Q

what did Zager do?

A

deprived a group of rats for 24 hoursand compared with control group

212
Q

deprived a group of rats for 24 hoursand compared with control group

A

what Zager did

213
Q

results of Zagers study

A

deprived rats had a 20 percent decrease in white blood cells

214
Q

deprived rats had a 20 percent decrease in white blood cells

A

results of Zagers study

215
Q

what did the Shapiro study show

A

after preforming strenuous psychical activity the body slept 90 mins more per night, especially nREM

216
Q

after preforming strenuous psychical activity the body slept 90 mins more per night, especially nREM

A

Shapiro study

217
Q

what did Horne argue

A

sleep is not essential for physical functioning, at least in the short term

218
Q

who argued that sleep is not essential for physical functioning, at least in the short term

A

Horne

219
Q

what did Horne and Harley find

A

when the brain was warmed, 4/6 participants slept for longer

220
Q

when the brain was warmed, 4/6 participants slept for longer

A

findings of Horne and Harley

221
Q

findings of lavie et al

A

a 20 year old man who lost the ability to enter REM sleep was still able to function cognitively

222
Q

a 20 year old man who lost the ability to enter REM sleep was still able to function cognitively

A

findings of lavie et al

223
Q

what theory does lavie et al disagree with

A

restoration theory

224
Q

activation synthesis

A

believes that dreams are essentially random and meaningless

225
Q

what theory believes that dreams are essentially random and meaningless

A

activation synthesis

226
Q

who developed activation synthesis

A

Hobson and McCarley

227
Q

when did Hobson and McCarley develop activation synthesis

A

1988

228
Q

according to activation synthesis, how are dreams produced

A

by random stimuli from the pons.

the forebrain recieves the stimuli and makes up stories to make sense of them

229
Q

by random stimuli from the pons

the forebrain recieves the stimuli and makes up stories to make sense of them

A

according to activation synthesis, how are dreams produced

230
Q

pons

A

part of the brain stem, involved in sight and hearing

231
Q

part of the brain stem, involved in sight and hearing

A

pons

232
Q

according to activation synthesis, dreams are not _______________

A

meaningfull

233
Q

negative evaluation of activation synthesis

A

Domhoff (2005) found that 70% of dreams make sense and often contains experiences that occured that day

doesnt explain the storyline of dreams

234
Q

Domhoff (2005) found that 70% of dreams make sense and often contains experiences that occured that day

doesnt explain the storyline of dreams

A

negative evaluation of activation synthesis

235
Q

what approach does activation synthesis belong to

A

biological

236
Q

cognitive approach to sleep

A

focuses on the role of sleep during memory and thinking

237
Q

focuses on the role of sleep during memory and thinking

A

cognitive approach to sleep

238
Q

purpose of sleep according to cognitive processes

A

to facilitate information processing

eg. organising memories

239
Q

to facilitate information processing

eg. organising memories

A

purpose of sleep according to cognitive processes

240
Q

what does the cognitive approach compare the brain to

A

a computer

241
Q

stickgold 2009

A

sleep can be of benefit to every type of memory

those with a medium memory storage gain the biggest benefit

242
Q

seehagen et al 2015

A

naps are just as beneficial as overnight sleep in relation to consolidation of learning

babies that had before hand taken a nap preformed better at learning new skills than those who hadnt

243
Q

naps are just as beneficial as overnight sleep in relation to consolidation of learning

babies that had before hand taken a nap preformed better at learning new skills than those who hadnt

A

seehagen et al 2015

244
Q

mednick et al 2003

A

learning could be consolidated by a nap

245
Q

learning could be consolidated by a nap

A

mednick et al 2003

246
Q

walker et al 2003

A

sleep helps memories to be reliably encoded but that recalling an item the following day reactivates the memory

247
Q

sleep helps memories to be reliably encoded but that recalling an item the following day reactivates the memory

A

walker et al 2003

248
Q

mazza et al 2016

A

splitting a study session over two days with a night’s rest reduced the practice time needed by half

249
Q

splitting a study session over two days with a night’s rest reduced the practice time needed by half

A

mazza et al 2016

250
Q

schema

A

a set of ideas or patterns of thought about a concept/situation

251
Q

a set of ideas or patterns of thought about a concept/situation

A

schema

252
Q

domhoff 2011

A

a dream is what happens when the mind doesnt have any other tasks.

similar to day dreams

previous tasks completed by the brain could seep into dreams

253
Q

a dream is what happens when the mind doesnt have any other tasks.

similar to day dreams

previous tasks completed by the brain could seep into dreams

A

domhoff 2011

254
Q

the continuity hypothesis of dreams

A

what we think about during the day –> what appears in our dreams

255
Q

what we think about during the day –> what appears in our dreams

A

the continuity hypothesis of dreams

256
Q

what approach does reorganisational theory belong to

A

cognitive

257
Q

who developed reorganisational theory

A

crick and mitchison 1986

258
Q

what theory did crick and mitchison develop in 1986

A

reorganisational theory

259
Q

when did crick and mitchison develop reorganisational theory

A

1986

260
Q

what is reorganisational theory based on

A

reverse learning

261
Q

reverse learning

A

learning can be undone during REM sleep

262
Q

learning can be undone during REM sleep

A

reverse learning

263
Q

according to reorganisational theory, what are dreams?

A

a side affect

264
Q

according to reorganisational theory, what happens when we sleep

A

the cortex becomes overloaded with information during the day

rem sleep means that unwanted memories are deleted to…

a) make space for new memories

b) improve organisation

265
Q

the cortex becomes overloaded with information during the day

rem sleep means that unwanted memories are deleted to…

a) make space for new memories

b) improve organisation

A

according to reorganisational theory, what happens when we sleep

266
Q

adaptive memories

A

memories that will be useful to retain

267
Q

memories that will be useful to retain

A

adaptive memories

268
Q

parasitic memories

A

useful/harmful memories that waste resources

269
Q

useful/harmful memories that waste resources

A

parasitic memories

270
Q

research supporting reorganisational theory

A

echidna and two species of dolphins do not have REM sleep but they have dispaportionately big cortexes.

researchers suggest this is so they have more space to store memories that wouldve been pruned during REM

271
Q

echidna and two species of dolphins do not have REM sleep but they have dispaportionately big cortexes.

researchers suggest this is so they have more space to store memories that wouldve been pruned during REM

A

research supporting reorganisational theory

272
Q

positive evaluation of reorganisational theory

A

gives a clear theory about why REM sleep could be important

the spiny anteater is a mammal who has no rem sleep, but has a enlarged frontal cortex

273
Q

gives a clear theory about why REM sleep could be important

the spiny anteater is a mammal who has no rem sleep, but has a enlarged frontal cortex

A

positive evaluation of reorganisational theory

274
Q

negative evaluation of reorganisational theory

A

lacks research on human participants

cant explain why dreams have a narrative and our dreams appear to make sense

275
Q

lacks research on human participants

cant explain why dreams have a narrative and our dreams appear to make sense

A

negative evaluation of reorganisational theory

276
Q

negative impacts of night shifts according to czeisler et al 1990

A

sleep deprivation

poor quality sleep

poor alertness

mistakes at work

risk of heart attacks, longer shift: higher chance

job stress

277
Q

sleep deprivation

poor quality sleep

poor alertness

mistakes at work

risk of heart attacks, longer shift: higher chance

job stress

A

negative impacts of night shifts according to czeisler et al 1990

278
Q

aim of czeisler et al (1990)

A

to find out whether disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle created by working through the night could be reduced by bright light exposure

279
Q

to find out whether disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle created by working through the night could be reduced by bright light exposure

A

aim of czeisler et al (1990)

280
Q

method of czeisler et al (1990)

A

lab experiment, 8 male participants in their 20s

men had no previously existing conditions and hadnt previously worked the night shift

participants didnt take any stimulants, drugs, caffeine, alcohol

men came to the lab at 11:45 for 6 days of shifts

shifts involved staying awake and doing cognitive tests and reporting on their mood and alertness

experimental group exposed to very bright light (12000 lumens) during the night shift and slept in complete darkness

control group exposed to normal lighting (150 lumens) and asked to sleep in normal conditions

281
Q

lab experiment, 8 male participants in their 20s

men had no previously existing conditions and hadnt previously worked the night shift

participants didnt take any stimulants, drugs, caffeine, alcohol

men came to the lab at 11:45 for 6 days of shifts

shifts involved staying awake and doing cognitive tests and reporting on their mood and alertness

experimental group exposed to very bright light (12000 lumens) during the night shift and slept in complete darkness

control group exposed to normal lighting (150 lumens) and asked to sleep in normal conditions

A

method of czeisler et al (1990)

282
Q

results of czeilser et al (1990)

A

experimental group slept for an average of 7.7 hours, control group for an average of 5.7 hours

alertness and cognitive performance were better in the experimental group than control group during the night shift

for the experimental group, biological measures (like body temp) shifted forward by 9 hours, control group stayed roughly the same
-> the endogenous pacemaker adapted for the experimental group

283
Q

experimental group slept for an average of 7.7 hours, control group for an average of 5.7 hours

alertness and cognitive performance were better in the experimental group than control group during the night shift

for the experimental group, biological measures (like body temp) shifted forward by 9 hours, control group stayed roughly the same
-> the endogenous pacemaker adapted for the experimental group

A

results of czeilser et al (1990)

284
Q

conclusion of czeilser et al (1990)

A

maladaptation to night shift work can be treated successfully with bright light exposure during work and darkness during the day

285
Q

maladaptation to night shift work can be treated successfully with bright light exposure during work and darkness during the day

A

conclusion of czeilser et al (1990)

286
Q

positive evaluation of czeilser et al

A

many variables were controlled, participants asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol
-> results were definetely because of light exposure not stimulants, an extraneous variable

the time difference betweem low point in temperature (an indicator of circadian rythms) for the two groups was huge
-> statistically impossible to happen by chance

ecological validity was higher than other sleep studies as participants travelled to and from work
-> reflects the typical experiences of real life night shift workers

287
Q

many variables were controlled, participants asked to avoid caffeine and alcohol
-> results were definetely because of light exposure not stimulants, an extraneous variable

the time difference betweem low point in temperature (an indicator of circadian rythms) for the two groups was huge
-> statistically impossible to happen by chance

ecological validity was higher than other sleep studies as participants travelled to and from work
-> reflects the typical experiences of real life night shift workers

A

positive evaluation of czeilser et al

288
Q

negative evaluation of czeilser et al

A

the sample size was a very small group of young males, findings cannot be generalised to the wider population

the participants could not be tightly controlled at home and therefore there are still some etreaneous variables that may have affected results, eg what they had for breakfast

ecological validity was low as it was not a real night shift. participants only had to do some cognitive tests
-> the stress of real shift work could lead to different results

289
Q

the sample size was a very small group of young males, findings cannot be generalised to the wider population

the participants could not be tightly controlled at home and therefore there are still some etreaneous variables that may have affected results, eg what they had for breakfast

ecological validity was low as it was not a real night shift. participants only had to do some cognitive tests
-> the stress of real shift work could lead to different results

A

negative evaluation of czeilser et al

290
Q

boivin et al (1996) method

A

31 male participants on an inverted sleep pattern
-> awake during the night and slept during the day for three days

each day they woke they were sat infront of dim light for 5 hours and then placed in one of four conditions:

  1. very bright light
  2. bright light
  3. ordinary room light
  4. continued dim light

core body temps were recorded and used as a measure of how well they were adapting to the new rythm

291
Q

31 male participants on an inverted sleep pattern
-> awake during the night and slept during the day for three days

each day they woke they were sat infront of dim light for 5 hours and then placed in one of four conditions:

  1. very bright light
  2. bright light
  3. ordinary room light
  4. continued dim light

core body temps were recorded and used as a measure of how well they were adapting to the new rythm

A

boivin et al (1996) method

292
Q

boivin et al (1996) results

A

after 3 days…

  • group 1 had advanced by 5 hours
    -> adapting best to new patterns
  • group 2 had advanced by 3 hours
  • group 3 had advanced by 1 hour

group 4 had drifted back by 1 hour
-> failed to show any signs of adapting

293
Q

after 3 days…

  • group 1 had advanced by 5 hours
    -> adapting best to new patterns
  • group 2 had advanced by 3 hours
  • group 3 had advanced by 1 hour

group 4 had drifted back by 1 hour
-> failed to show any signs of adapting

A

boivin et al (1996) results

294
Q

boivin et al (1996) conclusion

A

artifical light can help us adapt our biological rythms to suit the enviornment, brighter light is even more effective

295
Q

artifical light can help us adapt our biological rythms to suit the enviornment, brighter light is even more effective

A

boivin et al (1996) conclusion

296
Q

boivin et al (1996) use

A

useful in the workplace to help night shift workers adapt to changing sleep cycles

297
Q

useful in the workplace to help night shift workers adapt to changing sleep cycles

A

boivin et al (1996) use

298
Q

according to psychodynamic, what are the three parts of the brain

A

ego, id, and superego

299
Q

ego, id, and superego

A

according to psychodynamic, what are the three parts of the brain

300
Q

the unconsious mind that includes our desire for pleasure and gratification.

doesn’t understand rules or concequences

A

id

301
Q

id

A

the unconsious mind that includes our desire for pleasure and gratification.

doesn’t understand rules or concequences

302
Q

superego

A

partly consious, partly unconsious.

our awareness of society’s rules providing us with a moral compass and guilt.

acts as a mediator

303
Q

partly consious, partly unconsious.

our awareness of society’s rules providing us with a moral compass and guilt.

acts as a mediator

A

superego

304
Q

ego

A

the conscious mind are things we are aware of

305
Q

the conscious mind are things we are aware of

A

ego

306
Q

according to psychodynamic, the three parts of the brain are in ______ _______, each trying to _____ ____ ________

A

according to psychodynamic, the three parts of the brain are in constant conflict, each trying to reach the surface

307
Q

according to ____________, the three parts of the brain are in constant conflict, each trying to reach the surface

A

psychodynamic approach

308
Q

first function of dreams according to psychodynamic

A

to express basic urges produced by the id, revealing fantasies and wish fufillment
-> dreams about things we want but often cant have

309
Q

to express basic urges produced by the id, revealing fantasies and wish fufillment
-> dreams about things we want but often cant have

A

first function of dreams according to psychodynamic

310
Q

according to psychodynamic, during sleep, what part of the brain becomes dominant

A

the id

311
Q

according to psychodynamic, what do dreams reveal

A

our unconsious wishes and fantasies

312
Q

according to psychodynamic, what reveals are unconsious wishes and fantasies

A

dreams

313
Q

when you are awake, what suppresses the id

A

the ego

314
Q

when you are awake, what does the ego suppress

A

the id

315
Q

what are the desires of the id described as

A

inappropriate and psychologically harmful

316
Q

why does the superego suppress our dreams

A

to protect us

317
Q

how does the superego protect us from our dreams

A

makes them difficult to remember

318
Q

second function of dreams according to psychodynamic

A

to present hidden messages through symbols to represent the ideas that the consious mind finds disturbing/embarrassing

319
Q

to present hidden messages through symbols to represent the ideas that the consious mind finds disturbing/embarrassing

A

second function of dreams according to psychodynamic

320
Q

in dreams, what does symbolism allow for?

A

for anything disturbing to the ego to be hidden by the id

321
Q

manifest content

A

what dreams appear to be about, story of the dream

322
Q

what dreams appear to be about, story of the dream

A

manifest content

323
Q

latent content

A

the hidden content of the dream, its real meaning

324
Q

the hidden content of the dream, its real meaning

A

latent content

325
Q

manifest content may contain _______________

A

symbolic content

326
Q

latent content ________________________

A

hides behind the manifest content

327
Q

aim of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

A

to provide evidence for the oedipus complex

328
Q

to provide evidence for the oedipus complex

A

aim of Freuds case study of Little hans (1890)

329
Q

method of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

A

exchanged letters with Hans’ dad discussing his behaviour, especially his fear of horses

330
Q

exchanged letters with Hans’ dad discussing his behaviour, especially his fear of horses

A

method of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

331
Q

first finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

A

he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother

332
Q

he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother

A

first finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

333
Q

second finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

A

he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe

334
Q

he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe

A

second finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

335
Q

third finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1909)

A

a plumer came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession

336
Q

a plumer came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession

A

third finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

337
Q

three finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

A

he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother

he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe

a plumber came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession

338
Q

he dreamed of being married to his mother and they had their own family
-> showed his romantic desire for his mother

he dreamed of a large giraffe crushing another crumpled giraffe
-> showed hans’ view of his father as the large giraffe

a plumer came to the house to remove his penis, replacing it with a larger one
-> showed desire to be a grown up man and marry his mother, linking to penis obsession

A

three finding of Freuds case study of Little hans (1990)

339
Q

what was freud accused of

A

research bias

340
Q

research bias

A

when a researcher’s perspective influences the result of the study whilst claiming an objective point of view

341
Q

when a researcher’s perspective influences the result of the study whilst claiming an objective point of view

A

research bias

342
Q

defense mechanisms

A

strategies that the ego uses to distort reality to defend itself from various emotions or conflicts within the mind

343
Q

strategies that the ego uses to distort reality to defend itself from various emotions or conflicts within the mind

A

defense mechanisms

344
Q

displacement

A

during a dream, instead of focusing on the intended object, a meaningless object is focused on

345
Q

during a dream, instead of focusing on the intended object, a meaningless object is focused on

A

displacement

346
Q

symbolism

A

the object in the dream is a symbol for a deeper hidden issue that your mind is in conflict with

347
Q

the object in the dream is a symbol for a deeper hidden issue that your mind is in conflict with

A

symbolism

348
Q

condensation

A

two or more latent thoughts are combined to make up one manifest dream image
-> makes dream analysis more difficult as analysts must consider two different meanings behind a singular piece of evidence

349
Q

two or more latent thoughts are combined to make up one manifest dream image
-> makes dream analysis more difficult as analysts must consider two different meanings behind a singular piece of evidence

A

condensation

350
Q

secondary elaboration

A

the symbols and behaviours within the dream are made into a coherant story

makes it harder to understand latent content

351
Q

the symbols and behaviours within the dream are made into a coherant story

makes it harder to understand latent content

A

secondary elaboration

352
Q

what uses defense mechanisms

A

the superego

353
Q

positive evaluation of psychodynamic approach

A

impact on popular understanding of dreams, theory explains a link between dreaming and desire

moved forward the scientific study of dreams by stating that dreams have a psychological meaning rather than predicting the future

supported by Solms (1999) that there is a link between dreaming and desire

354
Q

impact on popular understanding of dreams, theory explains a link between dreaming and desire

moved forward the scientific study of dreams by stating that dreams have a psychological meaning rather than predicting the future

supported by Solms (1999) that there is a link between dreaming and desire

A

positive evaluation of psychodynamic approach

355
Q

Solms (1999)

A

participants suffering from strokes revealed that they lost their capacity to dream if there is damage to areas of higher forebrain governing desires

356
Q

participants suffering from strokes revealed that they lost their capacity to dream if there is damage to areas of higher forebrain governing desires

A

Solms (1999)

357
Q

negative evaluation of psychodynamic approach

A

biased sample, used mainly middle-class women from vienna

lacks scientific research that dreams have hidden meanings at all

case studies cannot be generalised to the wider population

psychoanalysts do not all agree on how to interpret dreams, such as Jung

emphasises sexual factors

the approach struggles to explain nightmares, the idea of wish fufilment doesn’t explain unpleasant dreams

358
Q

biased sample, used mainly middle-class women from vienna

lacks scientific research that dreams have hidden meanings at all

case studies cannot be generalised to the wider population

psychoanalysts do not all agree on how to interpret dreams, such as Jung

emphasises sexual factors

the approach struggles to explain nightmares, the idea of wish fufilment doesn’t explain unpleasant dreams

A

negative evaluation of psychodynamic approach

359
Q
A
360
Q

Histamine

A

Wakefulness transmitter

361
Q

What does caffeine increase

A

Adrenaline production

362
Q

What is alcohol at first

A

Depressant

363
Q

What does alcohol do secondly

A

Stimulant

364
Q

Dement and kleitman analyse points

A

Objective way of studying dreams

Enabled late researchers to establish purpose of rem

Interpret Peter trips eye twitches, could have been in REM while being awake

Relax to memory consolidation, reorganisational theory highlights importance of rem

Compare to czeilser

365
Q

Factors affecting sleep analysis

A

Too much caffeine will disrupt sleep wake cycle

Research found caffeine can delay the timing of the body clock. Reducing sleep time and quality.

One application is caffeine high energy drinks are banned for >16 in Scotland

Some ppl have higher tolerances to caffeine so some people will be less affected by caffeine

Avoid LED devices prior to sleep

Led devices now use red light to replace the more harmful effects of blue light

366
Q

Biological processes analysis (6)

A

Evidence from studies such as Salas and Gamaldo suggest that recovery rates after surgery are improved if sleep quality is good

If biochemistry plays a strong role in sleep and dreams, treatments for sleep disorders should be too

Like cognitive, suggests that newly formed connections between neurons in the brain happen in REM - this helps learning and memory

Uses objective measures such as EEG and EOG. This is unlike psychodynamic which primarily uses subjective measures like dream analysis.

One application is the use of melatonin for sleep disorders such as jet lag

Unlikely that sleep and dreaming is influenced only by our biology. This makes the approach reductionist. Cognitive approach should be used along side drug therapy.

367
Q

Analyse cognitive processes (6)

A

If cognitions play a strong role in sleep and dreams, treatment should be cognitive too.

Like biological approach, suggests that newly formed connections between neurons in the brain happen during REM sleep.

Some cognitive theories suggest dreams are meaningless and random. However, psychodynamic approach suggests dreams are very meaningful and express our deepest wishes.

Application - should get good night sleep before exam so that your learning has time to consolidate.

Peter Tripp had cognitive decline after a few days without sleep. This suggests that sleep is necessary for cognitive maintenance.

Application - before undertaking a newly learned procedural task, you should sleep on it.

368
Q

Psychodynamic processes analysis (3)

A

If the unconscious mind plays a strong role in sleep and dreams, treatments for sleep disorders should involve uncovering these unconscious processes

Unlike biological and cognitive approach, doesn’t use objective measures of sleep and dreams

One application is that psychoanalytic treatment, such as dream analysis, can be used to uncover unconscious conflicts that cause psychological distress

369
Q

Evaluate restoration theory

A

Supported by siffre 1972 - body has its own internal body clock o regulate the sleep wake cycle in the absence of light

Peter Tripp

Zager et al

Shapiro

Hobson

370
Q

Czeisler 1990 analysis (4)

A

Improve sleep of night shift orders across the globe. Maladaptation to night shift means workers are tired and more likely to make mistakes.

Chernobyl.

Workers may binge on caffeine and sugar to help them stay awake which can lead to coronary heart disease and diabetes. Intensive light therapy would reduce this.

NASA uses intensive light to allow astronauts to adapt to night shift conditions in space for the launch of the space shuttle Colombia.

H Psychology (3 decks)

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