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PSY2007 > Sleep and Biological Rhythms > Flashcards

Sleep and Biological Rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the correct sequence of protein synthesis of DNA?

A

DNA > Transcription > RNA > Translation > Protein.

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2
Q

What is the path that an action potential takes?

A

From the cell body along the axon to the synapse.

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3
Q

How is sleep studied typically?

A

In a sleep laboratory.

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4
Q

What is a polysommnogram?

A

It is a method used to study sleep.

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5
Q

What does a polysommnogram record?

A

It records multiple traces of sleep.

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6
Q

Define sleep.

A

Sleep is a behaviour and is characterised by the instant urge of sleepiness which forces humans to find a quiet place to rest.

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7
Q

What are six different methods to study sleep?

A
  • EEG
  • EMG
  • ECG
  • EOG
  • Airflow
  • Oximeter
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8
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogram.

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9
Q

What EMG stand for?

A

Electromyogram.

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10
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram.

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11
Q

What is the most common polysommnogram?

A

Electroencephalogram

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12
Q

What is measured by an electroencephalogram?

A

An electroencephalogram measures the electrical activity of the brain.

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13
Q

What does EOG stand for?

A

Electrooculogram.

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14
Q

What does electromyogram measure?

A

An electromyogram measures the muscles activity in response to the nerve’s being stimulated.

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15
Q

What is measured by an electrooculogram?

A

An electrooculogram measures the existing resting electrical potential between the cornea and Bruch’s membrane (eye movements).

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16
Q

What does an electrocardiogram measure?

A

An electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity of the heart.

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17
Q

What does an oximeter measure?

A

An oximeter measures the amount of oxygen entering in and out of the lungs.

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18
Q

How is a polysommnogram performed?

A

A polysommnogram involves a variety of sensors are taped to the body parts to record brain waves, eye movements, muscle tone, body movements, heart rhythm, and breathing patterns overnight.

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19
Q

Why can an electroencephalogram not measure/record the activity of a single neuron?

A

An EEG cannot register the activity of a single neuron as the electric potential that a single neuron generates is far too small.

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20
Q

How many cycles per second does a single Hertz equal?

A

One cycle per second.

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21
Q

What is the range of Hertz that an β wave produces?

A

13 - 30 Hertz.

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22
Q

What is the range in Hertz that an θ wave produces?

A

3.5 - 7.5 Hertz.

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23
Q

What is the range in Hertz that an α wave produces?

A

8 - 12 Hertz.

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24
Q

What is the range in Hertz that an δ wave produces?

A

Less than 4 Hertz.

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25
Q

How were the different stages of sleep determined?

A

Researchers have examined electrocardiogram’s records of sleep and have detected particular patterns of waveforms activity that equate to different stages of sleep.

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26
Q

What are sleep-spindles?

A

Sleep-spindles are bursts of neural oscillatory activity that are generated by interplay of the thalamic reticular nucleus and other thalamic nuclei during stage 2. (Bursts are between 12 - 14 Hertz and can occur between two and five times a minute during the first three stages of sleep).

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27
Q

What are K-spindles?

A

A K-complex is a waveform that may be seen on an electroencephalogram. It occurs during stage 2.

They are spontaneous and have a rate of one cycle per minute (approx).

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28
Q

When do K-complexes appear?

A

K-complexes commonly appear just before delta waves, which occur during a deep sleep state.

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29
Q

Why do K-complexes appear?

A

K-complexes are induced by external stimuli, such as unexpected loud noises.

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30
Q

Antony & Paller, 2007; Diekelmann & Born, 2010 (Sleep spindle research).

A

Sleep spindles appear to play a role in keeping individuals asleep, even in the event of unexpected external stimuli.

They also play a role in memory consolidation.

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31
Q

Fogel & Smith, 2011 (Sleep spindle research).

A

Research also shows that a high number of sleep spindles are associated with increased intelligence scores.

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32
Q

Ionannides et al, 2007 (K spindles research).

A

Research has investigated the production and function of spindles and K-complexes in the transition to deeper stages of sleep.

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33
Q

If someone is woken up during stage two sleep, would they believe they were asleep?

A

No, they would believe they have yet to fall asleep.

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34
Q

Describe how stage three sleep looks like from an EEG recording.

A

During stage three sleep, slow-wave sleep is dominant, SWS is shown by high amplitude delta activity.

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35
Q

Describe stage four of sleep.

A

Stage four sleep consists of delta wave activity.

In this stage, brain activity increases to similar levels as when you’re awake and causes vivid dreams. The brain temporarily paralyses major muscles so that we cannot move while dreaming.

This stage is more synchronised.

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36
Q

Describe stage three sleep.

A

Stage three sleep, a.k.a., deep sleep, it consists of delta wave activity.

In this stage it is harder to wake someone up if they are in this phase. Muscle tone, pulse, and breathing rate decrease in stage three sleep as the body relaxes even further.

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37
Q

Describe stage two sleep.

A

During stage two sleep, the body enters a more subdued state including a drop in body temperature, muscles become more relaxed, heart rate slows, in addition to slower rate of breathing.

This stage consists of theta, alpha and beta waves.

During this stage (2) sleep spindles and K-complexes are present.

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38
Q

How is slow-wave sleep characterised?

A

Slow-wave sleep is characterised by delta waves (measured by EEG).

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39
Q

If someone is woken up during slow-wave sleep, would they believe they are asleep?

A

Yes, they know that they were asleep.

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40
Q

If someone is woken up during slow-wave sleep, would they feel slight confusion?

A

Yes.

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41
Q

What stage(s) do individuals enter slow-wave (deep) sleep.

A

Stages three and four.

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42
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A

During Rem sleep, individual eyes move rapidly behind their closed eyes, their heart rate increases, as well as their rate of becomes irregular.

Brain activity is also highly active during REM sleep, and the (theta and beta) waves become highly irregular.

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43
Q

What is another name for REM sleep?

A

Paradoxical sleep.

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44
Q

A single sleep cycle is typically how long (in minutes)?

A

A typical single sleep cycle is around 90 minutes long.

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45
Q

What type of sleep do dreams occur in?

A

REM sleep.

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46
Q

As sleep progresses through the night, does the amount of slow-wave sleep increase or decrease?

A

Decreases as time passes.

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47
Q

As sleep progresses through the night, does the amount of REM sleep increase or decrease?

A

Increases as time passes.

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48
Q

How long does it take to reach the first cycle of slow-wave sleep (in minutes)?

A

It takes around 30 minutes to reach the first slow-wave sleep.

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49
Q

How long does the first stage four sleep last (in minutes)?

A

The first stage four sleep lasts around 45 minutes.

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50
Q

Define alpha activity.

A

Alpha activity consists of regular, medium-frequency waves, which is smooth electrical activity of 8 - 12 Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation.

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51
Q

Define beta activity.

A

Beta activity consists of irregular, mostly low amplitude waves of 13 - 30 Hz, recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal.

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52
Q

Define theta activity.

A

Theta activity consists of 3.5 - 7.5 Hz recorded from the brain; it is generally associated with being awake and REM sleep.

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53
Q

When does desynchronised activity occur?

A

Desynchronised activity occurs when a person is alert and paying attention to events in the environment or thinking actively.

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54
Q

What is the current sleep scoring system?

A

The current sleep scoring system identifies stages of wakefulness (stage W), three stages of non-REM sleep (NREM 1, 2, & 3), and one REM sleep stage (stage R).

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55
Q

Define delta activity.

A

Delta activity is regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep.

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56
Q

Define slow-wave sleep.

A

Slow-wave sleep is the phase of non-REM sleep marked by the deepest sleep and the highest levels of delta wave activity with brain and muscle activity significantly reduced, loss of response to external stimuli greatest, and with heart rate and respiration at lowest levels.

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57
Q

Define REM sleep.

A

REM sleep is a a state of sleep that recurs cyclically with non-REM sleep several times during a normal period of sleep, is characterised especially by greatly depressed muscle tone, dreaming with vivid imagery, rapid eye movements, and increased neuronal activity in certain brain regions (such as the pons), and is also know as paradoxical sleep.

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58
Q

Define the disorder fatal familial insomnia.

A

Fatal famillia insomnia is a inherited disorder charaterised by progressive insomnia.

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59
Q

Define rebound phenomena.

A

Rebound phenomena is the increase in frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporarily supressed;

  • For example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM deprivation.
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60
Q

Define adenosine.

A

Adenosine is a neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity.

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61
Q

Define locus coeruleus.

A

The locus coeruleus is a dark coloured group of noadrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

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62
Q

What does adenosine play a (primary) role in?

A

Adenosine is thoerised to play a primary role in the initation of sleep.

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63
Q

What does the locus coeruleus involved in?

A

The locus coeruleus is involved in arousal and vigilance.

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64
Q

Define the raphe nuclei.

A

The raphe nucleui is a group of nuclei located in the recticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotongeric neurons.

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65
Q

Define tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN).

A

The tuberomammillary nucleus is a nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamus, just rostral to the mamillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons.

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66
Q

What is the tuberomammillary nucleus involved in?

A

The tuberomammillary nucleus is involved in cortical activation and beahvioural arousal.

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67
Q

Define orexin.

A

Orexin is a peptide, also know as hypocretin, produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus.

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68
Q

What would be the result of the destruction of the peptide orexin?

A

The destruction of orexin would result in the development of the sleep disorder narcolepsy.

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69
Q

Define ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA).

A

The ventrolateral preoptic area is a group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area.

70
Q

What happens when there is ventrolateral preoptic area activity?

A

When there is activity of the ventrolateral preoptic area, it supresses alertness and heavioural arousal and therefore promotes sleep.

71
Q
A
72
Q

Define sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD).

A

The sublaterodorsal nucleus is a region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus, that forms the REM-ON portion of the REM sleep flip-flop.

73
Q

Define the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey matter (vlPAG).

A

The ventrolateral periaqueductal grey matter is a region of the dorsal midbrain that forms the REM-OFF portion of the REM sleep flip-flop.

74
Q

Define sleep apnea.

A

Sleep apnea is the cessation of breathing while sleeping. This occurs when the upper airway briefly becomes blocked (obstructive sleep apnea) or when the respiratory centers in the brain fail to stimulate respiration (central sleep apnea).

75
Q

Define narcolepsy.

A

Narcolepsy is a disorder consisting of excessive daytime sleepiness accompanied by brief “attacks” of sleep during waking hours.

  • These sleep attacks may occur at any time or during any activity, including in potentially dangerous situations.
76
Q

Define sleep attacks.

A

Sleep attacks are a symptom of narcolepsy; which are an irresitiable urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed.

77
Q

What is another name for narcolepsy?

A

Paroxysmal sleep.

78
Q

Define cataplexy.

A

Cataplexy is a symptom of narcolepsy; it is a sudden loss of muscle tone that may be localised, causing loss of grasp or nodding of the head (for example) resulting in the collapse of the entire body.

79
Q

Define sleep paralysis.

A

Sleep paralysis is a brief inability to move or speak just before falling asleep or upon awakening, often accompanied by terrifying hallucinations.

80
Q

Define hypnagogic hallucinations.

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations are a symptom of narcolepsy; they are vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis.

81
Q

Define REM sleep behaviour disorder.

A

REM sleep behaviour disorder is a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralysed during REM sleep and thus acts out thier dreams.

82
Q

Define sleep related eating disorder.

A

Sleep related eating disorder is a disorder in which a person will leave thier bed to seek out and eat food, while sleep walking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day.

83
Q

Define circadian rhythm.

A

The term circadian rhythm refers to a daily ryhthical change in behaviour or physiological process.

84
Q

What is another name for circadian rhythm?

A

Diurnal rhythm.

85
Q

Define the term zeitgeber.

A

A zeitgeber is a stimulus (usually the light of dawn) thay resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms.

86
Q

Define suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).

A

The supreachiasmatic nucleus is a nucleus that is situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organising many of the body’s circadian rhythms.

87
Q

Define melanopsin.

A

Melanopsin is a photo pigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the oliveary pretectal nuclei.

88
Q

Define advance sleep phase syndrome.

A

Advance sleep state syndrome is a four-hour advance in rhythsm of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently cause by a mutation of a gene (per 2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.

89
Q

Define delayed sleep phase syndrome.

A

Delayed sleep state syndrome is a four-hour delay in rhythms of lseep and temperature cycles, possible caused by a mutation of a gene (per 3) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN.

90
Q

Define pineal gland.

A

The pineal gland is a gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin; plays a role in cicadian and seasonal rhythms.

91
Q

Define melatonin.

A

Melatonin is a hormone screted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms.

92
Q

A person whose brain waves contain high-amplitude delta waves are most likely___

a. in stage 3 of slow-wave sleep.
b. in stage 1 of slow-wave sleep.
c. dreaming.
d. in stage 2 of slow-wave sleep.

A

a

93
Q

The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearence of ___ waves in sleep records.

A

Theta.

94
Q

___ is a sleeping disorder that involves a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood during sleep.

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2).

95
Q

The primary symptom of REM sleep behaviour disorder is?

A

The ability to move during REM sleep (i.e., not paralyised).

96
Q

The primary reason for slow-wave sleep is?

A

To permit the brain to rest.

97
Q

The rebound phenomenon noted after sleep deprivation suggesets that__.

A

there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.

98
Q

___ is an example of a ___.

A

Light, zeitgeber.

99
Q

The ___ ___ contains the primary biological clock that controls sleep-wake cycles.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus.

100
Q

An individual who travels across multiple times zones is likely to experience ___.

A

Jet lag

101
Q

Define entrainment.

A

Entrainment is the process of synchronising one’s biological rhythm to a cue in the environment.

102
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus releases chemical that causes ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ ___, and ___.

A
  1. lower body temperature
  2. lower blood pressure
  3. digestion.
103
Q

We stick to circadian rhythm’s because of the internal clock, known as the ___ and external cues, know as ___.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus, zeitgebers

104
Q

The ___ send messages to the supraciasmatic nucleus to tell when it is light or dark.

A

optic nerve

105
Q

When it is light, melanopsin containing retinal ganglia ___ hormone releases by the suprachaismatic nucleus.

A

inhibit

106
Q

When it is dark, melanopsin containing retinal ganglia set-off a chain reaction, ultimately causing the pineal gland to release a hormone called ___.

A

Melatonin

107
Q

Brain recordings using ___ enables researchers to observe the brain’s electical activity (its behaviour), even without the participant having to be awake.

A

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

108
Q

Stage 2 K-complexes reflect neuronal ___-___ and lead to ___ and ___ waves in slow-wave sleep in stages 3 and 4

A

down-states, theta, delta.

109
Q

Neurons like to have resting ___ ___ that are either slightly depolarised (‘up’, ready for an action potential) or slightly hyperpolarised (‘down’, silent, not ready for an action potential),

A

postsynaptic potentials (PSPs)

110
Q

When cortical neurons are in ‘down-states,’ they are less receptive to input from the ___. In other words, these ‘down-states’ inhibit sensory input/arousal.

A

thalamus

111
Q

Most ___ are inhibited during REM to prevent a person from acting out their dreams.

A

motor pathways

112
Q

Dreaming is not limited to___ ___ ___, although it is when most (>80%) dreaming takes place during this period.

A

REM sleep stage

113
Q

Insomnia is commonly treated with pharmacological treatments like ___ and ___-___ ___ (SSRIs)

A

melatonin, anti-depressant drugs

114
Q

___ neurons in the hypothalamus serve as a sleep/wake ‘switch.’ Project to other sleep-related brain regions. Keeps sleep “at bay,” prevent rapid progression from wakefulness to REM sleep.

A

Oroxin (a.k.a., hypocretin)

115
Q

Symptoms of narcolepsy often coincide with the degeneration of ___ ___ ___.

A

hypothamic orexin neurons

116
Q

_____ may be treated with stimulant drugs (e.g., amphetamine),
caffeine, or modafinil.

A

Narcolepsy

117
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the ___.

A

hypothalamus

118
Q

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ___ ___ ___.

A

stay relatively stable

119
Q

Circadian cycles are to ___ as circannual cycles are to ___.

A

daily, yearly

120
Q

When do the secretions of melatonin begin?

A

Typically a few hours before a person natually falls asleep.

121
Q

Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm is approximately how long?

A

Slightly over 24 hours.

122
Q

If you wanted to go to bed at around 23:00, when would it be best to take a melotonin tablet?

A

Around 2 hours before hand so around 21:00.

123
Q

A small branch of the optic nerve, known as the ___ extends directly from the retina to the superachiasmatic nucleus.

A

retinohypothalamic path

124
Q

When traveling across time zones, adjustments are easier when traveling which direction?

A

Traveling towards the west is easier.

125
Q

At what peiod during the day is the body’s temperature the highest?

  • Early afternoon: 12:00 - 15:00
  • Mid-afternoon: 14:00 - 16:00
  • Late-afternoon: 15:00 - 18:00
  • Evening: 18:00 - 21:00
A

Mid-afternoon: 14:00 - 16:00

126
Q

The retinohypothalamic path to the suprachiasmatic nucleus comes from a special population of retinal ganglion cells that have their own photopigment, what is it called?

A

Melanopsin.

127
Q

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, what do they do?

A

They continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm.

128
Q

What would the body do if damage occured to the suprachiamatic nucleus?

A

The body would still continue to follow a circadian rhythm, however, this rhythm would not be as consistant.

129
Q

The suprachiasmatic nucleus produces circadian rhythms by altering what?

A

The production of proteins.

130
Q

Where is the suprachiasm nucleus located?

A

Above the optic chiasm.

131
Q

What does ‘endogenous’ mean?

A

‘generated within.’

132
Q
A
133
Q

What is a good way to reduce the effects of jetlag?

A

Keeping the room light.

134
Q

Somes drugs used to treat allergies may induce drowsiness if they what?

A

inhibit histomine receptors.

135
Q

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have what type of sleep?

A

Interrupted or shortened REM sleep.

136
Q

Slow-wave sleep is comprised of which stages?

A

3 and 4.

137
Q

Similar to the effects of sleep apnea, rats that are repeatedly oxygen-deprived lose neurons throughout the cortex and hippocampus, causing impairments in what cognitive abilities?

A

Learning and memory.

138
Q

What physical condition is related to sleep apnea?

A

Obesity.

139
Q

What is one of the contradictions in “paradoxical” sleep?

A

The brain is very active, while many of the muscles are deeply relaxed.

140
Q

Drugs that are used to control narcolepsy also tend to produce what other effects?

A

Feeling of wakefulness.

141
Q

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations.

142
Q

During sleep do GABA neurons increase or decrease their firing rate?

A

Increase.

143
Q

What chemical which are in the basal forebrain increase wakefulness and arousal?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh).

144
Q

The EEG record for REM sleep is most similar to which other sleep stage?

A

Stage 1.

145
Q

The role of the reticular formation in arousal is that it is…

A

only one of several systems involved in arousal.

146
Q

EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because?

A

Neurons are becoming more synchronised.

147
Q

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for?

A

Wakefulness.

148
Q

What is a common characteristic of sleep apnea?

A

Periods without breathing during sleeping.

149
Q

What is the result of electrical stimulation to the reticular formation?

A

Increase level of alterness.

150
Q

In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases what?

A

Noradrenalin.

151
Q

Is the suprachiasmatic nucleus involved in arousal and attention?

A

No, the reticular activating system is thought to be important for arousal and attention.

152
Q

What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep?

A

Monitor brain waves.

153
Q

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is?

A

Almost completely inactive during sleep.

154
Q

Is it dangerous to wake someone while they are sleepwalking?

A

No.

155
Q

Which dreams contain a more complex plot. Dreaming during non-REM sleep stage or during REM sleep stage?

A

During the REM sleep stage.

156
Q

A couple of paths from the hypothalamus release histamine, which thereby does what?

A

Increases arousal.

157
Q

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?

A

Stage 2.

158
Q

Is sleep affected by physical activity?

A

No, it is affect byy other things such as brain temperature and mental excerise though.

159
Q

Why (in mace) do the spaces between neurons increase and cell shrink away from one another during slow-wave sleep?

A

It is theorised that this it to allow the flow of liquid. allow the brain to flush out biproducts of metabolic activity.

160
Q

During slow-wave sleep what are our brain actively doing?

A

They are actively flushing out the days biproducts.

161
Q

Define the ‘memory consolidation theory’ of sleep.

A

It suggests that sleep is plays an essential role in memory consolidation.

162
Q

During what stage of sleep are procedural memories consolidated?

A

REM sleep.

163
Q
A
164
Q

During what stage of sleep are explicit memories consolidated?

A

Slow-wave sleep.

165
Q

Why do babies have more REM sleep during early infancy than later on in life?

A

It makes sense that babies have more REM sleep than aduots as motor skills and perceptual memories are consolidated during REM sleep.

166
Q

What type of memories are not encoded as well if an individual is deprived of REM sleep?

A

Procedual memories.

167
Q

Can individuals be deprived of REM sleep without being deprived of slow-wave sleep.

A

Yes, they can be deprived of REM and not slow-wave sleep.

168
Q

Can individuals be deprived of slow-wave sleep soley without being deprived of REM sleep.

A

No, because it is harder to pinpoint only slow-wave sleep, as you cannot deprive someones of slow-wave sleep without depriving them of REM sleep.

169
Q

What task did slow-wave sleep have an effect on?

  • Declarative task (word pairs)
  • Non-delarative task (mirror tracing)
A

Declarative task (word pairs)

170
Q
A

PSY2007 (5 decks)

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