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PSY2007 > Sex and Sex Differences > Flashcards

Sex and Sex Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Define sex.

A

Sex is the genetic or physiological characteristics of males or females.

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2
Q

Define gender.

A

Gender refers to the socially-influenced identity, roles, and/or behaviour of an individual as they pertain to make and female identities.

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3
Q

Define sex chromosome.

A

A sex chromosome are the X and Y chromosomes, which determine an organism’s genetic sex. Typically XX individuals are females, and XY chromosomes are males.

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4
Q

Define intersex.

A

Intersex is a variety of combinations of biologically male and female characteristics, such as an individual born with external female genitalia and internal male sex organs.

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5
Q

Define transgender.

A

Transgender refers to a gender identity that does not necessarily correspond to biological sex at birth.

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6
Q

Define gamete.

A

A gamete is a mature reproductive cell; a sperm or ovum.

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7
Q

Define genetic sex.

A

Genetic sex is what is determined by the presence of XX or XY chromosomes.

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8
Q

Define gonad.

A

A gonad is an ovary or the testies.

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9
Q

Define SRY.

A

SRY is a gene on the Y chromosome whose product instructs the undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes; official name is sex-determining region Y.

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10
Q

Define organisational (effect of hormone).

A

The organisational effect is the effect of a hormone on tissue differentiation and development.

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11
Q

Define activational effect (of hormone).

A

The activational effect is the effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism.

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12
Q

What may the activational effect (of hormone) depend on?

A

The activational effect may depend on the organism’s prior exposure to the organisational effects of hormones.

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13
Q

Define the Mullerian system.

A

The Mullerian system is the embryonic precursors of the female internal sex organs.

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14
Q

Define Wolffian system.

A

The Wolffian system is the embryonic precursors of the male internal sex organs.

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15
Q

Define anti-Mullerian hormone.

A

The anti-Mullerian hormone is a peptide secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits the development of the Mullerian system, which would otherwise become the female sex internal sex organs.

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16
Q

Define defeminising effect.

A

The defeminising effect is an effect of a hormone present early in development that reduces or prevents the later development of anatomical or behavuoural characteristics typical of females.

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17
Q

Define androgen.

A

A androgen is a male sex steroid hormone.

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18
Q

What is the principal mammilian androgen?

A

Testosterone is the principal mammalian androgen.

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19
Q

Define masculinising effect.

A

The masculinising effect is an effect of a hormone present early in development that promotes the later development of anatomical or behavioural characteristics of males.

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20
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Testosterone is a hormone which is the pricipal androgen which is found in males.

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21
Q

Define dihydrotestosterone.

A

Dihydrotestosterone is an androgen thatis produced from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5a reductase.

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22
Q

Define androgen insensitivity syndrome.

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition caused by a congenital lack of functioning androgen receptors.

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23
Q

What does having androgen insensitivity syndrome result in?

A

Having androgen insensitivity syndrome results in a person with XY sex chromosomes to develop as a female with testes but no internal sex organs.

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24
Q

Define persistent Mullerian duct syndrome.

A
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25
Q

What does having persistent Mullerian duct syndrome result in?

A

Having persistent Mullerian duct syndrome would result in a male who has both male and female internal sex hormones.

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26
Q

Define Turner syndrome.

A

Turner syndrome is the presence of only one sex chromosome (an X chromosome); characterised by the lack of ovaries but otherwise normal female sex organs and genitalia.

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27
Q

What are three androgens?

A
  1. Testosterone.
  2. Dihydrotestosterone.
  3. Androstenedione.
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28
Q

Define sexually dimorphic behaviour.

A

Sexually dimorphic behaviour is a behaviour that has different forms or that occurs with different probabilities or under different circumstances in males and females.

29
Q

Are organisational effects permanent?

A

Yes.

30
Q

Are activational effects permanent?

A

No (the effects are usually dependant on the continued presence of the hormone).

31
Q

When do organisational effects occur?

A

During the prenatal period.

32
Q

When do activational effects occur?

A

At puberty, continuing into adulthood.

33
Q

Define gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormone.

34
Q

Define gonadotropic hormone.

A

Gonadotropic hormone is a hormone of the anterior piuitary gland that has a stimulating effect on cells of the gonads.

35
Q

Define follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

A

The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is the hormone of the anterior pituitary gladn that causes development of an ovarian follicle an the maturation of an ovum.

36
Q

Define luteinising hormone.

A

Luteinising hormone (LH) is a hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that causes ovulation and development of the ovian follicle into a corpus luteum.

37
Q

What effects does the follicle-stimulating hormone have on the human body?

A
  • The development of ovarian follicle.
38
Q

Define kisspepsin.

A

Kisspepsin is a peptide produced by neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus under the control of leptin receptors.

39
Q

Why is kisspepsin important?

A

Kisspepsin is important for the initiation of puberty and the maintence of repoductive ability.

40
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Testes.

41
Q

How is dihydrotestosterone produced?

A

It is produced from testosterone by 5a-reductase.

42
Q

Where is androstenedione produced?

A

Androstenedione is produced by the adrenal glands.

43
Q

What effects does the androgen testosterone have on the human body (7)?

A
  • Develops the Wolffian system.
  • The production of sperm.
  • The growth of facial, pubic and axillary hair.
  • Musclar development.
  • Enlargement of larynx.
  • Inhibits bone growth.
  • Sex drive in men (and women?).
44
Q

What effects does the androgen dihydrotestoserone have on the human body (1)?

A
  • Maturation of male external genitalia.
45
Q

What effects does the androgen androstenedione have on the human body?

A
  • Growth of pubic and axillary hair in women.
46
Q

What effects does oestrogen have on the human body?

A
  • Matuation of the female genitalia.
  • Growth of breasts.
  • Alterations in fat diposits.
  • Growth of uterine lining.
  • Inhabition of bone growth.
  • Sex drive in women (?).
47
Q

What effects does progesterone have on the human body?

A
  • Maintenence of the uterine lining.
48
Q

What effects does gonadotropin-releasing hormone have on the human body?

A
  • Enables the secretion of gonadotropins.
49
Q

What effects does the luteinising hormone have on the human body?

A
  • Ovulation; development of copus luteum.
50
Q

Define oestradiol.

A

Oestradiol is a steroid hormone made from cholesterol and is the strongest of the three naturally produced oestrogens. It is the main oestrogen found in women and has many functions, although it mainly acts to mature and maintain the female reproductive system.

51
Q

Define oestrogen.

A

Oestrogen is a class of sex hormones that casues the maturation of the female genitalia, growth of breast tissue, and the developmetn of other physical feature charateristic of females.

52
Q

Define mentrual cycle.

A

The menstrual cycle is the female reproductive cycle of most primates, including humans; charaterised by the growth of the uterine lining, ovulation development of a copus luteum, and (if pregnancy does not occur), mentruation.

53
Q

Define oestrous cycle.

A

Oestrous cycle is the female reproductive cycle of mammals and other primates.

54
Q

Define ovarian follicle.

A

The ovarian follicle is a cluster of epithelial cells surrounding an oocyte, which develops into an ovum.

55
Q

Define corpus luteum.

A

The corpus luteum is a cluster of cells that develops from the ovarian collicle after ovulatiom; secretes oestradiol and progesterone.

56
Q

Define progesterone.

A

Progesterone is a steriod hormone produced by the ovary that maintains the endometrial lining of the uterus during the later part of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy; along with oestradiol it promotes receptivity in female mammals with oestrous cycles.

57
Q

Define refactory period.

A
58
Q

Define oxytocin.

A

Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by posterior pituitary gland; causes contraction of the smooth muscle of the milk ducts, the uterus, and the male ejaculatory system’ also serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

59
Q

Define oestrus.

A

The oestrus is a period of sexual receptivity in female mammals (excluding humans).

60
Q

Define lordosis.

A

Lordosis is a spinal sexual reflex seen in many four-legged famale mammals; arching of the back in response to an approach of a male or to touching the flanksm which evevates the hindquaters.

61
Q

Define pheromone.

A

A pheromone is a chemical released by one animal that affects the behaviour or physiology of another animal; usually smelled or tasted.

62
Q

Define vomeronasal organ (VNO).

A

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a sensory organ that detects the presence of certain chemicals, especially when a liquid is actively sniffed; mediates the effects of some pheromones.

63
Q

Define accessory olfactory bulb.

A

The accessory olfactory bulb is a neural structure located in the main olfactory bulb that receives information from the vomeronasal.

64
Q

Define Lee-Boot effect.

A

The Lee-Boot effect is the slowing and eventual cessation of oestrous cycles in groups of female animals that are housed together; caused by a pheromone in the animals’ urine.

65
Q

Define Whitten effect.

A

The Whitten effect is the synchronisation of the mentrual or oestrous cycles of a groups of females, which occurs only in the presence of the pheromone in male’s urine.

66
Q

Define Vandenbergh effect.

A

The Vandenbergh effect is the ealier onset of puberty seen in female animals that are housed with males; caused by a pheromone in the male’s urine.

67
Q

Define Bruce effect.

A
68
Q

Define medial preoptic area (MPA).

A

The medial preoptic area (MPA) is an area of cell bodies just rostral to the hypothalamus; plays an essential role in male sexual behaviour.

69
Q

What area plays an essential role in male sexual behaviour?

A

The medial preoptic area (MPA).

PSY2007 (5 decks)

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