Sleep Flashcards
Where does sleep activity originate from?
Reciclar formation on the brainstem
What type of neurons are in the recticular formation?
Setogenic
What does stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei lead to?
Sleep promotion
What does damage to the SCN lead to?
Disrupt sleep
What controls melatonin release?
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
What’re inhibitory neurons from the hypothalmus stimulated by?
Light
Where do the inhibitory neurons from the hypothalamus act upon and inhibit?
The pineal gland
What’s orexin?
Excitatory neurotransmitter from hypothalamus needed for wakefulness
What’s narcolepsy caused by?
Defective orexin firing
What 7 things can you do to assess wakefulness in an individual?
Behaviour General alertness Speech patterns and content Reading Writing Calculating Spell or count backwards
What’re the 4 types of wave patterns?
Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta
When do alpha waves occur?
Relaxed awake state
When do beta waves occur?
In an alert awake state
When do theta waves occur?
Common in kids
Emotional stress, frustration and sleep in adults
When do delta waves occur?
Deep sleep
What happens in stage 1 of the sleep cycle?
Slow waves
Non REM sleep
Slow eye movements
High amplitude, low frequency theta waves
What happens in stage 2 in the sleep cycle?
Eye movements stop
Frequency slows further
Sleep spindles occur
What’re sleep spindles?
Clusters of rhythmic waves 12-14Hz
What happens in stage 3 of the sleep cycle?
High amplitude very slow delta waves
Short episodes of faster waves
Spindle activity declines
What happens in stage 4 in the sleep cycle?
Delta waves only
What % of sleep is REM?
25%
What stages are known as slow wave sleep?
1-4
What stages are known as deep sleep?
3 and 4
How often does REM sleep occur and how often does it last for?
5-30 mins every 90 mins
What drug class increases the time spent in REM sleep?
Anticholinesterases
What happens to HR,RR and metabolism in REM sleep?
HR+RR become highly irregular and metabolism increases
What can be seen on an EEG during REM sleep?
Mimics beta waves
What does sleep support?
Neuronal plasticity Learning and memory Cognition Clearance of waste products from the CNS Conservation of whole body energy Immune function
What’s the definition of insomnia?
A chronic instability to obtain the necessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behaviour
What’s chronic primary insomnia?
No identifiable psychological or physiological cause
What’s temporary secondary insomnia?
Response to pain, bereavement or crisis
Usually short lived
Name the 2 classes of drugs used to combat insomnia?
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Night terrors vs nightmares
Nightmares=REM, wake and will remember it
Night terrors= seen in kids, occur in deep delta sleep, no recollection in the morning, thrashing and screaming
What’s somnambulism?
Sleep walking
When does somnambulism occur?
Non REM exclusively
How can narcoleptic symptoms be interpreted?
An intrusion of REM sleep characteristics into the waking state
