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Biopsychology (Year 1) > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of biological rhythms?

A
  • Allow organisms to adapt to the day/night cycle

- Appear to control nearly all behaviours and physiological processes

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2
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

Exogenous factors that indicate times of day

- Environmental events that entrain biological rhythms

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3
Q

Where can ultradian rhythms be found?

A

In the pattern of human sleep

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4
Q

What does the ultradian sleep cycle alternate between?

A

REM (rapid eye movement) and NREM (non-rapid)

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5
Q

How many stages does the sleep cycle have?

A

5

- Repeats every 90 mins

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6
Q

What is stage 1-2 of the sleep cycle?

A

‘Light sleep’

  • Brainwave patterns become slower and more rhythmic
  • Alpha waves turn to theta waves
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7
Q

What is stage 3-4 of sleep?

A

‘Deep sleep’

  • Slow wave sleep
  • Slower delta waves
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8
Q

What is stage 5 of sleep?

A

REM

  • Paralysed body
  • Brain activity resembles that of an awake person
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9
Q

What are examples of slow circannual rhythms?

A

Hibernation and migration

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10
Q

How long is a circadian/infradian/ultradian rhythm?

A

Circadian - 24 hours
Infradian - More than 24 hours
Ultradian - Less than 24 hours at night

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11
Q

What is one familiar daily circadian rhythm?

A

Sleep-wake cycle

- Daily light-dark changes are produced by the daily rotation of the earth on its axis

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12
Q

Why is there need for a biological clock?

A

To govern the sleep-wake cycle, despite external changes in light levels

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13
Q

When light is detected by the eye, where is the message about brightness sent to?

A

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)

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14
Q

How does the SCN use the brightness info?

A

To coordinate the activity of the entire circadian system

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15
Q

What is the primary input of the sleep-wake cycle?

A

Light

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16
Q

How does homeostasis also determine the sleep-wake cycle?

A
  • Long period awake = need for sleep due to energy consumption
  • Homeostatis drive for sleep increases throughout the day
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17
Q

How does our body temperature change during sleep?

A

During sleep our temperature drops, and it rises toward the end of our sleep cycle

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18
Q

Who discovered individual differences in cycles?

A

Duffy et al.

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19
Q

Who discovered that the absence of external cues significantly altered CR?

A

Siffre

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20
Q

How long does the daily sleep-wake cycle last without external cues?

A

26 hours

- Normally, it matches the day-night cycle (24 hours)

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21
Q

What is the main zeitgeber for the circadian rhythm?

A

Light

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22
Q

What does a 24 hour sleep-wake cycle suggest?

A

Endogenous rhythmicity is not the only factor that contributes to circadian periods

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23
Q

What does jet lag result from?

A

Disruption to the biological clock

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24
Q

When is jet lag more pronounced?

A

Travelling west to east

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25
Q

What does seasonal affective disorder show?

A

The importance of light in entraining circadian rhythms

- In N. Hemisphere, over 60% report depression and anxiety in winter

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26
Q

What is one explanation of SAD?

A

Lack of light signals hibernation

- ‘Happy lamp’

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27
Q

Where does recent evidence suggest the endogenous circadian clock is located?

A

In the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) f the hypothalamus

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28
Q

What did Miles et al. Discover when studying a blind man’s sleep patterns?

A

His daily rhythm was 24.9 hours

  • Not influenced by light
  • Innate biological clock?
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29
Q

Where does the SCN receive direct I put from?

A

The retina, allowing light to direct the rhythmic activity of SCN

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30
Q

What is the retino-hypothalamic tract?

A

Bunch of fibres that connect retina to hypothalamus

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31
Q

What did Bailey find in patients with brain tumours close to hypothalamus?

A

Suffer from odd sleep-wake cycles

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32
Q

How do we know that the SCN also acts as a pacemaker for other rhythms?

A

Animals with damage to the SCN continue to eat, drink, exercise and sleep, but at haphazard times

33
Q

What happens when the SCN is removed?

A

The usual sleep/wake cycle disappears

34
Q

Where does SCN regulate melatonin production from?

A

Pineal gland

35
Q

What happens during the dark phase of the day-night cycle?

A

Pineal gland secretes melatonin through indirect action of the SCN

36
Q

What is a controversial treatment for jet lag?

A

Melatonin

37
Q

Why may the SCN also act on the adrenal glands?

A

To release mood and alertness altering hormones e.g. cortisol

38
Q

How do circadian rhythms change according to age?

A

Adolescence causes the melatonin release to be delayed for about an hour (later bedtimes)

39
Q

What is the primary measure of sleep stages?

A

EEG

40
Q

What is our EEG activity whilst awake?

A

Low amplitude, high frequency

41
Q

What is our EEG activity whilst asleep?

A

High amplitude, low frequency

42
Q

What does burst of REM sleep cause on the EEG?

A

Low amplitude, high frequency (like the waking pattern)

43
Q

What happens during NREM sleep?

A
  • Body temp. Declines
  • Heart rate decreases
  • Levels of growth hormone increase
44
Q

When is sleep walking thought to occur?

A

During NREM sleep

45
Q

What are insomnia/sleep apnea disorders of?

A

NREM sleep

46
Q

What is sleepwalking?

A

Acting out of complex behaviour while sleeping

47
Q

When does sleepwalking occur?

A

When a person is roused incompletely and at the wrong point, in the delta-wave stage stages, and the person becomes stuck in a limbo between sleep and waking

48
Q

What do EEG readings of sleepwalkers show?

A

Combination of delta waves and higher-frequency “wakeful” waves

49
Q

Why won’t a sleepwalker remember anything?

A

They have no conscious awareness

50
Q

What parts of the brain are active and which parts are dormant during sleepwalking?

A

Cerebellum (automatic movement and coordination) is active, frontal and parietal lobes (reasoning and conscious control of movement) are dormant

51
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A
  • We become paralysed
  • Body temp. Increases
  • EEG resembles waking pattern (low amplitude, high frequency)
52
Q

When are we most likely to report that we have been dreaming?

A

During REM sleep

53
Q

What is sleep paralysis?

A

When a person enters REM sleep, but has partly awakened

- Body is completely paralysed

54
Q

What happens to brain activity during dreaming?

A

Highest in occipital areas but lower in inferior frontal areas
- High visual imagery experienced, but with chaotic organisation of events

55
Q

What causes a random collection of images from memory stores during dreaming?

A

Cerebral cortex is bombarded by signals from the brainstem

56
Q

What are the 3 main functions ascribed to sleep?

A

1) Biological adaptation
2) Body restoration
3) Memory consolidation

57
Q

How is energy conservation a function of sleep?

A

Helps in coping with times when food is scarce

  • We are awake when we can gather food
  • Because our night vision is so poor, it makes sense for us to sleep at night
58
Q

How is predator avoidance a function of sleep?

A

Amount of sleep is influenced by whether an animal is predator or prey

  • Predator = sleep at ease
  • Prey = must remain alert
59
Q

How is sleep a restorative process?

A

Require sleep to rejuvenate our bodies

60
Q

Why is the ‘restorative process’ theory weakly supported?

A
  • Energetic activity prior to sleep encourages us to go to sleep earlier, but not sleep longer
  • Sleep deprivation studies have not identified any function for which sleep is essential
61
Q

What happens if we don’t sleep?

A

Recent studies on rats show an immune response similar to that seen in stress is mounted to sleep deprivation (seen as a hostile threat)
- Leads to increase in NOS enzyme (plays a role in prompting recovery sleep)

62
Q

How does sleeping play a role in memory?

A

Studies have shown that the areas of the brain that are active prior to sleep are also active during REM sleep (dreaming)

  • Sleep usually increases after a session of learning
  • Sleep deprivation has been shown to impair memory formation
63
Q

What part of the brain puts us to sleep?

A

Anterior hypothalamus (preoptic area)

64
Q

How does the posterior hypothalamus promote wakefulness?

A

Reticular Activating system of the brainstem

- Explains how sensory information can wake us from our sleep

65
Q

What does damage to the RAS result in?

A

Coma

66
Q

What are the neurons that control sleep a part of?

A

Our regulatory neurotransmitter system

67
Q

What neurons fire during waking (enhancing awake state)?

A

NE
Serotonin
ACh neurons

68
Q

What controls the rhythmic behaviour of the thalamus?

A

Regulatory systems

69
Q

What does the rhythmic behaviour of the thalamus control?

A

EEG rhythms of the cortex

70
Q

What do slow EEG rhythms do?

A

Block the flow of sensory information to the cortex

71
Q

Why is descending rhythm activity required?

A

To inhibit motor neurons during dreaming

72
Q

Neurotransmitter for locus corerulus

A

NE

73
Q

Neurotransmitter for raphe nucleus

A

Serotonin

74
Q

Neurotransmitter for brain stem and basal forebrain

A

ACh

75
Q

Where does control of REM sleep come from?

A

Regulation in the brain stem, at the pons

76
Q

What happens to the firing rates of the locus corerulus and the Raphael nuclei during REM?

A

Decrease to nothing

77
Q

What happens to the Ach neurons during REM?

A

Ach neurons in the pons increase firing

78
Q

What also has a direct link to the regulation of sleep?

A

Immune response to infection

79
Q

When do nightmares occur?

A

NREM sleep

Biopsychology (Year 1) (8 decks)

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