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Biopsychology (Year 1) > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sensation associated with touch?

A

Somatosensation

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2
Q

What is sensation?

A

The registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs

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3
Q

What is perception?

A

The interpretation of sensations by the brain

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4
Q

Why do sound waves not necessarily equal sound?

A

Our version of reality is our perception of the sensory world
- Not sound unless our brain perceives it

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5
Q

What does nocioception relate to?

A

Pain and temperature

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6
Q

What does proprioception relate to?

A

Body awareness

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7
Q

How does nocioception happen?

A

Damage to the dendrite or to surrounding cells releases chemicals that stimulate the dendrite to produce AP’s

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8
Q

How does hapsis (touch) happen?

A

Pressure on the various types of tissue capsules mechanically stimulates the dendrites within them to produce AP’s

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9
Q

How does proprioception happen?

A

Movements stretch the receptors to mechanically stimulate the dendrites within them to produce AP’s

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10
Q

What do the free nerve endings for pain tell you about?

A

Sharp and dull pain

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11
Q

What do the free nerve endings for temperature tell you about?

A

Heat or coldness

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12
Q

What does Meissner’s corpuscle tell you about?

A

Touch

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13
Q

What does Pacinian’s corpuscle tell you about?

A

Flutter

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14
Q

What does Ruffini corpuscle tell you about?

A

Vibration

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15
Q

What does Merkel’s receptor tell you about?

A

Steady skin indentation

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16
Q

What do hair receptors tell you about?

A

Flutter or steady skin indentation

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17
Q

What do muscle spindles tell you about?

A

Muscle stretch

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18
Q

What do Golgi tendon organs tell you about?

A

Tendon stretch

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19
Q

What do joint receptors tell you about?

A

Joint movement

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20
Q

What is the function of the specialised dendrites in the sensory receptors?

A

They will open ion channels if stimulated by the appropriate external stimulus

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21
Q

What happens when a feather rubs a hair on the skin?

A
  • The dendrite of a touch receptor is stretched when the hair moves
  • Causes stretch-sensitive channels on dendrite to open, allowing Na+ influx
  • This Na+ influx causes voltage-sensitive Na+ and K+ channels to open, producing a nerve impulse
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22
Q

What happens when photoreceptors absorb light?

A
  • Causes a change in the shape of light sensitive pigments

- Ultimately result in ion channels opening

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23
Q

What do dorsal-root ganglion neurons respond to?

A
  • Fine touch and pressure
  • Joint/tendon/muscle change
  • Pain and temperature
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24
Q

What is the medial lemniscus?

A

The pathway that the ventral spinothalamic tract joins to

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25
Q

What does the ventral spinothalamic tract recieve input from?

A

Pain and temperature neurons

26
Q

What does the dorsal-column nuclei relay?

A

Fine touch and pressure sensations

27
Q

What does the medial lemniscus contain?

A

Axons that carry sensory information to the ventrolateral thalamus

28
Q

What does the ventrolateral thalamus relay?

A

Sensory information to the somatosensory cortex

29
Q

What does unilateral damage to the spinal chord cause?

A
  • Loss of fine-touch and pressure sensation on the same side of the body below the cut
  • Loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side of the body below the cut
30
Q

What can our sense of somatic sensation be divided into?

A

1) Touch (mechanical stimulation)
2) Pain (heat, chemical, or mechanical stimulation)
3) Limb proprioception (muscle, joint stimulation)

31
Q

What type of axons carry pain?

A

Unmyelinated

- other somatosensory neurons are myelinated

32
Q

What is a receptive field?

A

Each sensory receptor is sensitive to physical stimuli that impinge on a circumscribed area of the body, and this area is known as the receptive field

33
Q

What is the receptive field of a touch (somatosensory) neuron?

A

The portion of skin that stimulates the (dendritic) processes of receptor neuron

34
Q

Why is the size of the receptive field an important factor in determining sensitivity of a sensory system?

A

Receptor neurons with smaller receptive fields allow greater sensitivity

35
Q

How do sensory receptors indicate how strong a stimulus is?

A

No. Of AP’s they fire

36
Q

Where is vision processed?

A

Occipital/temporal/parietal

37
Q

Where is hearing processed?

A

Temporal

38
Q

Where is touch processed?

A

Parietal

39
Q

Where is taste processed?

A

Frontal

40
Q

How are sensory pathways from periphery to the cerebral cortex organised?

A

To preserve the spatial relations of adjacent receptors in the body

41
Q

Why do some parts of the body have more cortical space than others?

A

There are more receptors in the hands and face than in other areas of the brain

42
Q

In olfaction, what are changes in the membrane potential meditated by?

A

Metabotropic ion channels

43
Q

During olfaction, what does scent interact with?

A

Chemical receptors

44
Q

During olfaction, what do chemicals dissolve in and interact with?

A

Mucosa and the cilia

45
Q

What allows perception of a particular smell?

A

Neurons respond to a range of odours, and summer activity over a range of neurons allows perception of a particular smell

46
Q

Where do smell signals go once they have entered the brain (unlike other senses)?

A

Bypass the thalamus and go directly to the amygdala and pyriform areas

47
Q

Where are odours entering one nostril processed?

A

The same side of the brain

48
Q

What does the limbic system give in response to odours?

A

Emotional response

49
Q

What does the orbitofrontal region give in response to odours?

A

Conscious perception of odours

50
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Chemicals that are not perceived consciously as smells, but do nevertheless influence behaviour
- Chemical substance released into environment

51
Q

What are taste stimuli (tastants)?

A

Chemicals that are detected by taste receptors on the tongue

52
Q

What can damage to the frontal lobe of the right hemisphere lead to (in terms of taste)?

A

Gourmand syndrome

- Previously normal people into fanatical seekers of fine food

53
Q

How are taste receptors grouped?

A

Into taste buds with several receptor types

54
Q

What does the opening of ion channels on the microvilli lead to (taste)?

A

Membrane potential changes

55
Q

What cranial nerves form the main gustatory nerve, the solitary tract?

A

Facial, glossopharangeal, and vagus

56
Q

What does the solitary tract divide into?

A

2 pathways:

1) Sensation
2) Emotional/hormonal response

57
Q

What combines to give us flavour?

A

Taste and olfaction

58
Q

What does mastication do?

A

Unlocks odours from food and mixes them with air

- Holding your nose whilst eating inhibits flavour

59
Q

What 2 odours can the brain distinguish between?

A

Orthonasal and Retronasal

60
Q

What is one explanation for synesthesia?

A

Signals from receptors in one sensory system have diverted to the wrong part of the brain

Biopsychology (Year 1) (8 decks)

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