Sleep Flashcards
Insomnia 3 AO1 Points
1) BEHAVIOURAL- stressor -> sleeplessness -> cues -> no sleep reinforces
2) COGNITIVE- incorrect belief -> not sleeping reinforces -> anxiety = more alert
3) BIOLOGICAL- malfunction in brain chemistry -> more insomnia in stressed, drugs, and existing condition
Insomnia 7 AO2 Points
1) CBT + behavioural therapies have high success rate
2) Bio is deterministic. Only way to treat with pills but they reduce quality and treat the symptom, not the cause.
3) Gregory et al- support for role of anxiety. EV’s controlled.
4) Heath et al- anxiety support- neurotic individuals more likely to have insomnia
5) Genetics? Van Dongen found evidence for “chronotype” gene which determines whether you are morning/evening person. Could be that if you are made to sleep when you are not biologically set to, could result in insomnia.
6) Bio is reductionist- doesn’t explain comorbidities like anxiety does.
7) Culture bias- based upon Westerners.
Narcolepsy 6 AO1 Points
1) REM (1960’s)- malfunction in the systems that maintain REM.
2) REM- Vogel- REM at onset of sleep in narcoleptics and abnormal REM at night.
3) IMMUNE SYSTEM- (1980’s)- mutation on the immune system.
4) IMMUNE- Honda- 90% of narcs show a significant increase of HLA antigen.
5) HYPOCRETIN- (1990’s)- link between low levels of hypocretin and narc.
6) HYPOCRETIN- Lin et al- narc. dogs had mutation on chromosome 12, disrupts hyp processing
Narcolepsy 7 AO2 Points
1) REM- explains symptoms eg loss of muscle tone and hallucinations (experienced during REM)
2) IMMUNE- no clear link with how it leads to the disorder?
3) HYP- cannot generalise dogs? Nishino- replicated it on humans and found similar results, so looks like most credible…
4) HYP- but what causes the mutation? NOT genetic, Mignot twin study no increased risk…maybe infection, stress, auto-immune attack
5) These are all biological…so deterministic. Leads to treatmeant, but they don’t treat the cause.
6) Psychodynamic explanation- narc disguises sexual fantasies
7) However, not an accepted view because it is a minority view and the disorder is clearly physiological..
Restoration Theory 7 AO1 Points
1) SWS- growth hormones secreted - cell-growth and restoration of body tissue
2) Sassan et al- reversed cycles
3) SWS- Immune system- protein molecules and antibodies regenerated
4) REM- brain growth - premature
5) Other mammals- platypus 8 hours, dolphins no REM
6) REM- neurotransmitter - neurons regain sensitivity.
7) Antidepressants- increase levels of neurotransmitters. but abolish REM
Restoration Theory 9 AO2 Points
1) Peter Tripp- 200 hours.
2) Randy Gardner - 260 hours. No effects.
3) Case studies- no control and also unique
4) Rechschaffen - rats deprivation study. 33 days, all died
5) Due to stress rather than sleep deprivation?
6) Similar study on pigeons - but found NO fatal consequences
7) Exercise- Shapiro- marathon runners
8) Horne and Miriad- only makes you fall asleep faster
9) Horne’s combined approach. Core sleep for restoration. Optional sleep for evolutionary.
Evolutionary Theory 4 AO1 Points
1) Energy conservation. Small animals = higher metabolic rate which burns more energy. Sleep conserves
2) Foraging requirements- herbivores eat low nutrient plants and sleep less because they must eat continuously.
3) Predator avoidance- prey sleep less, predators sleep more. Prey need to be vigilant.
4) Waste of time hypothesis- prey actually sleep to be out of danger at night, occupies unproductive hours
Evolutionary Theory 10 AO2 Points
ENERGY CONSERVATION
1) Zepelin and Rechtshaffen - higher metabolic rate means more sleep, but sloth exception- 20 hours of sleep.
2) Energy consumption down only in NREM… so this evolved later in birds and mammals for conservation? Support- reptiles only have REM.
3) Allison and Cicchetti- larger animals have less NREM, less need to conserve, though Capellini found no correlationl. so…trade off?
FORAGING REQUIREMENTS
4) Foraging- support for herbivores sleeping less from phylogeny of sleep
5) Capellini- criticised methods used,, unstandardized. Zoo animals.
PREDATOR AVOIDANCE
6) Alison and Cicchetti- higher predation risk did lead to more sleep, but rabbits exception. Sleep more than moles but have higher danger rating..might be due to effects of environment though
WASTE OF TIME HYPOTHESIS
7) No evidence to prove because unscientific. Sleep seems to be too complicated a process if the function is just to keep you occupied. reductionist
8) Combined approach- Horne- core sleep for restoration of body, optional sleep for conserving energy and occupying unproductive hours
9) Can’t prove- evolution. But PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL supports
10) Unilateral sleep- does support but better to not sleep at all? Restoration…
Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers in the Control of Circadian Rhythms 5 AO1 Points
1) Definition of pacemakers and zeitgebers and what a cavestudy is
2) Siffre’s cave study- 6 months- 25 hours - sometimes 48 hours
3) SCN
4) Connected to retina in eye and the pineal gland where melatonin is produced
5) Stephan and Zucker- lesions to the SCN in rats
Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers in the Control of Circadian Rhythms 7 AO2 Points
1) Siffre- case study. Idiographic + Siffre must be unique…individual differences.
2) Ascoff and Wever support Siffre. War bunker. 24-25 hours, but one 1 29 hours.
3) Folkard - further support. 24 hours despite a 22 hour day, but 1 p adjusted to 22 hour day.
4) Stephan and Zucker- more controlled because lab study, but could be due to brain damage in general. Follow up study, damaged other parts of brain though..
5) Stephan and Zucker- support from other studies such as Zucker’s squirrels found similar effects
6) Animal and rodents in particular are hard to generalise , are nocturnal and have simpler zeitgebers. But it is unlikely that the function of the SCN would differ, fundamental piece of biology.
7) Applications- better understanding of our daily behaviour…and disorders such as SAD
Disruption of Biological Rhythms 5 AO1 Points
SHIFT WORK
1) Decreased alertness. Circadian trough- midnight to 4am
2) Sleep deprivation. Tilley and Wilkinson- day time sleep 1-2 hours less
3) Health effects. 15 years, 3x more likely heart disease.
JET LAG
4) SCN takes several cycles to resynchronise after sudden, large changes- leads to performance decrement
5) Phase advance- shortens the day. More severe. Occurs when travelling West to East.
Disruption of Biological Rhythms 9 AO2 Points
OTHER FACTORS?
1) Decreased alertness due to deprivation…
2) Deprivation due to impact of social rhythms
3) Health due to stress because lack of social support
FORWARD ROTATING
4) Bambra- forward rotating extends the day, better for health and work-life balance
5) Czeisler study- introduced forward rotating shifts. Less stress, fatigue and increase in health and productivity.
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
6) Resets rhythms. Boivin study- ‘very bright light’ advanced cycle by 5 hours.
7) Not all shift work the same-can’t compare studies. Happy shift workers left in the study.
JET LAG
8) Recht baseball study. Teams East to West won 44%. Teams West to East won 37% of games.
9) Melatonin- ‘cures’ shift and jet lag. Naturally induces sleep, but bad if taken at wrong time
Circadian and Infradian Rhythms AO1
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
1) Circadian rhythm, endogenous pacemaker, exogenous zeitgeber
2) Siffre- 6 months - 25 hours - sometimes 48
3) Internal clock ticked more slowly as he aged
4) Core body temp- lowest at 4.30, highest at 6.00pm. Trough after lunch - siesta
INFRADIAN RHYTHMS
5) Menstrual cycle - fluctuating hormone levels
6) SAD- depressive condition in the Winter months due to darkness
Circadian and Infradian Rhythms AO2
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
1) Siffre- casestudy.
2) Ascoff and Wever support
3) Folkard et al support
4) Weren’t isolated from artificial (dim) lighting. Czeisler found it altered their rhythms down to 22 hours or up to 28 hours!
5) Body temperature - link to cognitive abilities. Gupta- IQ tests performance best at 7.00pm than 9.00am or 2.00am.
6) Chronotherapeutics application
INFRADIAN RHYTHMS
7) Menstrual cycle also controlled by exogenous. Russell study- pheromones?
8) PMS- affects women the week before. Symptoms include mood swings, aggression, depression, anxiety.. DETERMINISM… has been used as a legal defence in murder cases
9) SAD- actually because of a disruption of circadian rhythms in winter?
10) Phototherapy- strong lights in evening/ early morning to change levels of melatonin and serotonin. Relieves depressive symptoms and fatigue.
11) Phototherapy- a placebo effect? Eastman- placebo less effective, but 32% improved with it alone.
