Eating Behaviour Flashcards
Factors Affecting - 5 AO1 Points
ETHNICITY
1) Powell and Khan - (eating concerns more characteristic of white women)
2) Ball and Kennedy- (Australian women- longer time ethnic groups spent, more similar eating behaviours)
SOCIAL CLASS
3) Dornbusch - (higher class - greater desire to be thin and more likely to diet)
CULTURE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES
4) Rozin - (across all cultures, women more likely to associate food with health and men with pleasure)
MOOD
5) Verplanken- (correlational. Low self esteem - more likely to impulse buy and consume snacks)
Factors Affecting Dieting- 9 AO2 Points
1) Mumford (bulimia more common in Asians) criticises Powell and Khan
2) Ball and Kennedy- good sample size but BETA BIAS (no men)
3) Storey (higher class = greater satisfaction in weight) contradicts Dornbusch
4) Ethnocentric - all carried out in America
5) Nature/ nurture- suggests we are products of our environment.
6) Verplanken- correlational and self-report often used in these studies- social desirability.
7) Verplanken - can be explained by Ogden’s masking hypothesis (dysphoria masked, temporary heightened mood, induced by starch, amino acid central building block for serotonin)
8) Research support- Garg et al - sad or funny film. Popcorn or grapes. Sad ate 36% more popcorn.
9) Applications- helps us to understand relationship between mood and our eating. Self-medication… but it would be better to treat the cause of the bad mood, not the consequence
Success/Failure Dieting- 7 AO1 Points
1) Dieting definition- cognitive limit
2) Preload taste test
3) Restraint theory
4) Boundary model
5) Desired intake -> ‘what the heck’ effect
6) Detail
7) Redden’s study
Success/Failure of Dieting - 8 AO2 Points
1) Preload- lab study
2) Wardle and Beales longitudinal supporting evidence
3) Ogden criticises- doesn’t explain anorexics
4) Applications of Redden
5) Can’t generalise Redden’s study- lacks mundane realism
6) Bio explanation- LPL- stores calories as fat. Kern et al- levels increase after weight loss, making it easier to regain lost weight quickly.
7) Cultural differences. All western cultures- Asians more prone to obesity (Park et al)
8) Beta gender bias
Neural Mechanisms - 3 AO1 Points
1) Homeostasis definition
2) Dual Centre Model of feeding (including the role of LH, VMH, ghrelin and blood glucose)
3) Neuropeptide Y turns on eating- Stanley - repeated NPY injections quickly made rats obese
Neural Mechanisms - 9 AO2 Points
1) NPY- Contradictory - Marie et al- genetically engineered mice to produce no NPY, no damage to eating behaviour. So previous research experimenter artefact due to sudden increased NPY? Link is unclear - but applications.. Yang et al…target individuals with a risk of increased NPY by giving drugs that can turn off NPY…reduces strain on public health care.
2) Hetherhigton and Ransom (VMH lesion on rats- caused hyperphagia, obesity). Anold and Brobeck (LH lesion on rats- caused aphagia)
3) Animal research issues
4) Human electrical stimulation on VMH and LH supports
5) Cummings et al - supports role of ghrelin
6) Population validity of Cummings- (6 p’s)
7) Isolated from cues such as time in Cummings
8) Leads to impact of environment. Reductionist- NATURE side of nature/nurture debate. Ignores environment. Possible learned resonse? (Pinel)
9) Applications - medical inteventions
Evolutionary (Food Preferences) - 6 AO1 Points
1) EEA and evolution and eating preferences outline
2) Desor et al- newborns- innate food preferences
3) Explain findings. Bitter-poison. Sweet- energy.
4) High calorie preference- Hunger-gatherers
5) Bait shyness - Garcia’s rat radiation study
6) Medicine effect
Evolutionary (Food Preferences) - 8 AO2 Points
1) Vegetarians? Cordain- could have been. Abrams- evidence for meat preference across all cultures, so couldn’t have been.
2) Gibson and Wardle- support from 4-5 year olds on preference for high calorie food (fruit and veg)
3) Applications of medicine effect- scapegoat technique for cancer patients
4) Humans detecting toxins? Gene for a bitter taste receptor.
5) No EEA proof… only can look at similar species may be in similar places. Eg. Craig-Stanford’s chimp study.
6) Deterministic approach eg. if someone is trying to cut out on calories
7) AO3- Questionnaires and food diaries can be used to gain research, but social desirability ..
8) Evolutionary approaches account for both nature and nurture side of debate.
Psychological Causes of AN - 7 AO1 Points
1) COGNITIVE= misperception, self worth based on appearance
2) Cognitive errors, eg. all or nothing, overgeneralising, magnifying/minimising, magical thinking
3) McKenzie et al( female ED patients overestimated their body weight compared to controls, and judged their body size to have increased following a sugary snack and had lower ideal body sizes compared to controls)
4) PSYCHODYNAMIC- 3 stages (abuse)
5) Bruch - ineffective parents
6) BEHAVIOURAL- operant conditioning (praise and attention reinforce)
7) Social Learning Theory- media
Psychological Causes of AN- 8 AO2 Points
1) COGNITIVE- maintenance, not actual cause
2) Freewill, but places blame on individual. -> CBT changes irrational thoughts
3) AO3- McKenzie- LAB study. Lacks ecological validity, can’t measure thoughts, demand characters etc.
4) PSYCHO- Wonderlich study supports( women with history of sexual abuse had elevated risk of ED symptoms)…but NOT ALL ED’s had sex abuse and vice versa
5) AO3- can’t prove/disprove unconscious because memories are unscientific
6) Alpha bias (gender bias)
7) BEHAVIOURAL- this and the psycho explanation are deterministic
8) Applications in media- France chart of good will
Biological Causes of AN- 6 AO1 Points
1) SEROTONIN- disturbances in serotonin pattern. High serotonin linked to anxiety. anxiety triggers AN..
2) DOPAMINE- over activity in DA receptors
3) PREGNANCY- AN often premature. Birth complications impair the neurodevelopment.
4) PREGNANCY- often born in Spring time
5) REPRODUCTIVE SUPPRESSION- AN allows to give birth at most appropriate times
6) ADAPTED TO FLEE HYP- undeterred by hunger means they can lead the group
Biological Causes of AN- 9 AO2 Points
SEROTONIN
1) Cause or effect? Weight loss causes hormonal and brain changes.
2) SSRI’s are ineffective, but they do work when you return to normal weight. So, AN due to malnutrition related changes in the function of serotonin.
DOPAMINE
3) Research support- Castro Fornieles- homovanillic acid- waste product. High levels
PREGNANCY
4) Second trimester in Winter - critical period for neurodevelopment, infections likely in Winter. Infections also likely later in birth order.
5) Willoughby et al- equatorial regions no seasonality effect
EVOLUTION- REPRODUCTIVE SUPPRESSION
6) Amenorrhoea- loss of periods supports
7) Alpha gender bias-
ADAPTED TO FLEE HYPOTHESIS
8) How does it get passed on outside of EEA? Leads to infertility and death
9) Evolutionary theories are deterministic. But do relieve therapists of needs to look for familial reasons.
Psychological Explanations of AN (only using cognitive and psychodynamic) - 7 AO1
1) Cognitive - MALADAPTIVE THINKING - misperception of the body, basing self worth on ability to control eating
2) Cognitive errors - magnifying/minimising ‘My weight loss isn’t serious’, all or nothing thinking ‘I ate one biscuit - that’s blown everything’, magical thinking ‘if I reach size 6 then my life will be perfect’, overgeneralising ‘If I fail my diet I fail at life’
3) Women are more dissatisfied than men
4) McKenzie et al study
5) Psychodynamic - manifestation of repressed emotional problems. Symptoms of eating disorders symbolise repressed conflicts in the unconscious mind
6) Psychodynamic - the 3 stages. Traumatic sexual experience in childhood -> desire to remain a child, fear of adult sexuality -> refusal to eat and desire to be thin and have a prepubescent body
7) Bruch’s ineffective parenting
Psychological Explanations of AN (only using cognitive and psychodynamic) - 8 AO2
1) Explains maintenance, not cause
2) Gives freewill - but places blame - but can change in CBT
3) AO3 with the McKenzie study. Demand characteristics, and can’t measure thoughts…
4) Psychodynamic - Wonderlich et al - but not ALL
5) Psychodynamic - alpha bias
6) Psychodynamic - gender bias
7) Psychodynamic - can’t prove
8) Psychodynamic - socially sensitive research
Biological Explanations of AN (only using neurodevelopment and evolution) 4 AO1
1) Neurodevelopment - birth complications eg hypoxia
2) Neurodevelopment - premature
3) Reproduction suppression - allows delaying sexual maturation , enables them to give birth at times they feel ready and in response to cues from environmental about reproductive success
4) Adapted to flee - members of the population who were undeterred by hunger more likely to move the group
